Immersive membership in an activity, context, culture, or subculture
A participant observation (PO) researcher forms deep connections and empathy by experiencing events in the same way as the people they are studying.
PO is a foundational method of anthropology, adapted for design use through time-limited engagements.
Systematic observation and recording are critical to document physical aspects of the environment, behaviors, interactions, language, motivations, and perceptions of the participants.
Marginal participants blend into an environment as natural observers of an activity or event.
Full participants take on a membership role or may already occupy a role that allows for full participation.
Participant observers need to stay vigilant to retain some measure of objectivity and to avoid undue influence on member behaviors.
Marginal participant observation of transit riders for a service design project on “commutenity,” promoting community and reinforcing positive behaviors among bus riders.