Index

A

Action photography, 28–29

Alabama Hills (California), 7, 90, 113

Anti-shake technology, 29–30, 32

Aperture, 78–79, 162

Aperture priority autoexposure, 65, 148

Arches National Park (Utah), 6–7

Artizen HDR, 168

Autobracketing, 170, 172

Autoexposure, 62, 65–66, 69–72, 172

Autofocusing techniques, 90–92, 159

Automatic white balance (AWB), 102, 105–107

Autopano Pro, 187

Au Train Falls (Michigan), 133, 139

Autumn color shots, 149–151, 153–155, 186

AWB Automatic white balance (AWB)

B

Back-button focusing, 92–93, 149, 161

Backgrounds, 71, 129

Back-light, 117

Ball tripod head, 82

“Bit bucket”, 181

Black Mountain (Idaho), 12

Blinkies, 65, 142

BLM see Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Blocked shadows, 60

Blown-out highlights, 60

Blue light, 102, 105

Boats, shooting from, 139–143

Bodie (ghost town), 4, 124, 171

Bright histogram, 19, 52, 59, 64

Bryce Canyon (Utah), 43

Buffer, 14

“Bull’s eye shots”, 129

Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 4

Burst depth, 14

B + W polarizers, 100

C

Cable releases, 21, 24, 87–88

Camera bags, 36–37, 39

Camera system basics

cable releases, 21, 24, 87–88

companies, 10–11

custom functions, 24

histograms, 19, 21

LCD monitor, 19

megapixels, 11, 14–16

memory cards, 24–25

mirror lockup, 21

panorama shots, 180

selection, 9

self-timer, 21

sensor size, 16–19

spot meter, 24

Canon systems

back-button focusing, 92–93

evaluative metering, 58

exposure determination, 52

exposure increments, 56

HDR autobracketing, 170

image–stabilization, 30

ISO choices, 77

lenses, 27–28, 32–33, 36, 39, 41, 43, 76

lens speed, 29

megapixels, 11, 14

panorama stitching, 187

polarizers, 100

quality, 9–10

sensor size, 16–17

spot metering, 155, 157

Cantilever beams, 82

Castle Geyser, 91

Centennial Mountain Range, 4–5

Center of interest, 129

Center-weighted metering, 58–59

CF, see CompactFlash (CF) card Chrominance noise, 16

Circular polarizer, 46, 100

City parks, 4

Clipping, 52–53, 60–61, 65

Cloudy light, 105, 114, 116, 157–158

Cloudy white balance, 107

Clutter (composition), 122–124

Color adjustment, 105, 107

Color film exposure, 51

Color of light, 102, 105, 107

Color matrix metering (Nikon), 52, 58, 155, 157

Color space, 77–78, 175

Color temperature (K) white balance, 109–110

CompactFlash (CF) card, 24

Composition

autoexposure problems, 70

background, 129

center of interest, 129

challenges, 121–122

curves and patterns, 133

definition, 121

design tips, 122–124

HDR contrast, 167

horizon level, 125, 127

horizon placement, 129, 131

image depth, 131–134

image framing, 128–129

lines, 133

orientation, 124–126

perspective, 127–128

rule of thirds, 129–130

skill improvement, 137

subject, 133, 137

subject size, 124

and tripods use, 80

viewpoint, 127

Computer monitor, 72

Constant maximum aperture zooms, 33, 36

Continuous autofocus, 90

Contrast, 109, 111, 113–114, 146, 167–168

Converging lines (depth), 133

Council Lake, 42

Coyote Buttes (Arizona), 9, 62

Crop factor, 11, 17, 40

Curves (depth), 133

Custom functions, 24

Custom quick-release plates, 82

Custom white balance, 109

D

Dawn shots, 102, 110, 162–163

Daylight white balance, 107

Dead calm conditions, 153

Death Valley National Park, 3, 59, 115, 180

Delkin Devices, 24, 94–95

DeLorme map book, 6

Depth (composition), 131–133

Depth of field, 54, 63, 65, 146, 157

Dfine, 16

Diffusers (HDR), 167

Digital capture vs. eyes, 109

Digital exposure, 51–53

Digital Nature Photography: The Art and the Science, 53

Digital noise, 16, 61

Digital single-lens reflex (DSLR), see also Camera system basics

Back-button focusing, 92–93

camera systems, 10–11

HDR autobracketing, 170

image framing, 128–129

vs. medium–format cameras, 11

megapixels, 14–15

memory cards, 24

mirror lockup, 21

multiple autofocus points, 90–91

vs. point-and-shoot, 16

tilt–shift lenses, 43

Diopter adjustment focusing, 88

Double-processing images, 111

DSLR, see Digital single-lens reflex (DSLR)

Dunanda Falls, 125

Dusk shots, 102, 110, 162–163

Dust, 48, 93–94

DX format (Nikon), 16–17

Dynamic Photo HDR, 168

Dynamic range, 109

E

Elevation (shooting), 5–7

Evaluative metering (Canon), 52, 58

Exposure

autoexposure problems, 69–72

automatic, 62

common mistakes, 72

composition, 70

film vs. digital, 51–52

hand-held meters, 72–73

histograms, 59–61

increments, 56–57

ISO, 56

JPEGs, 61–62

law of reciprocity, 55–56

lens apertures, 53

manual, 62–65

metering modes, 58–59

modes, 65–67

panorama shots, 182

RAW images, 61

shutter speeds, 54–55

snowy landscape shots, 155, 157

stops, 54

Exposure compensation, 67–69, 172

F

Fast lenses, 29

FDRTools, 168

Fill flash, 111

Film vs. digital exposure, 51–52

Filters

cleaning, 48–49

image sharpness, 76

overview, 46

polarizer, 46–48, 144

stacking, 39, 76

types, 37

Firehole Falls, 148–149

Firehole River, 185

Fixed focal-length lenses, 36

Flash, 107, 112, 162–163, 167

Focal length

and aperture, 53

and composition, 70

fixed length lenses, 36

and framing, 128

and f/stop, 78–79

good range, 10

hyperfocal focusing, 89

image stabilization, 30

and ISO values, 77

lens quality, 76

and lens quality, 28

panorama shots, 182, 187

and perspective, 127

and sensor size, 16–17

and shutter speed, 66, 87

super-wide-angle lens, 39, 41

telephoto lens, 41, 43

zoom lens, 32–33, 36

Focusing techniques

autofocus, 90–92

back-button, 92–93

diopter adjustment, 88

hyperfocal, 89–90

manual, 88–89

panorama shots, 182

waterfall shots, 149

fps, see Frames per second (fps)

Frames per second (fps), 14

Framing, 128–129

Front–light, 114

f/stop

aperture priority, 65–66

aperture relationship, 53

autofocus, 91

autumn colors, 154

back-light, 117

definition, 78

depth of field, 43, 54, 63, 70, 77, 85, 93

dust check, 93

exposure increments, 57

exposure quality, 52

HDR shots, 168–169

hyperfocal focusing, 89

and ISO value, 56

law of reciprocity, 55

lens quality, 28

lens speed, 28–29

panoramas, 182

shots from boats, 140–141

sky shots, 158

snowy shots, 157

sun shots, 162

waterfall shots, 146

water motion, 148

zoom lenses, 33

Fujifilm, 10

Full-frame sensor, 10–11

Full–frame shots, 144

G

Geysers, 3, 5, 91, 106, 185

Ghosting artifacts, 174–175

Ghost trees, 155

Gibbon River (Yellowstone), 156

Giotto Rocket Blower, 48, 94

Giraffes (Maasai), 17

Gitzo tripods, 81

Glass filters, 37

Glass-to-air-interface (filters), 39

Grain, 56

Grand Canyon (Arizona), 43

Great Fountain geyser (Yellowstone), 5

Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 3, 6, 101, 112, 144

Grotto Falls (Smokies), 6, 112

Ground (depth), 131

A Guide to 199 Michigan Waterfalls, 6

H

Hand–held meters, 72–73

Hand–held shooting, 85–87

Hart, Al, 146

Hasselblad cameras, 11

HDR, see High dynamic range (HDR) techniques

Heart Lake (Yellowstone), 108

High dynamic range (HDR) techniques

autobracketing, 170, 172

blue color cast, 104

brightness, 7

color space, 175

contrast control, 167–168

double process, 111

example, 128, 166

ghosting artifacts, 174–175

image marking, 172, 174

image processing, 174

image saving, 175, 177

image selection, 174

image set goals, 172

overview, 165

panoramas, 184

range coverage, 169–170

RAW vs. JPEG, 168–169

shutter speed, 169

sliders, 175

software choices, 168

software loading, 174

spot metering, 59

subject motion, 173

32–bit images, 175–176

tone curve, 175

tone-mapping, 175

tripods, 168

waterfall shots, 146

white balance, 175

Highlight alert, 65, 72–73

Histograms, 19, 59–61, 72–73, see also RGB histograms

HoodLoupe, 19

Horizon, 125, 127, 129, 131

Human eyes vs. digital capture, 109

Hyperfocal focusing, 89–90

I

Image quality, 32–33, 37, 97–98

Images

depth in composition, 131–133

framing, 128–129

and megapixels, 11

panorama exposures, 182, 184

Images (HDR)

ghosting artifacts, 174–175

processing, 174

saving, 175, 177

selection, 174

32–bit, 175–176

Image sharpness

apertures, 78–79

autumn color shots, 153–155

and cable release, 21

color space, 77–78

file choices, 77

focusing techniques, 88–93

ISO choices, 77

lens glass, 76

lens manufacturers, 75–76

L–plates, 82, 84

polarizers, 100

quick-release plates, 82

sensors, 93–95

shooting techniques, 85–88

tripods, 79–82, 84–85

Image-stabilization (IS), 29–30, 32

Intimate landscapes, 60 Iris Falls, 145

IS, see Image–stabilization (IS)

ISO values

autumn color shots, 154

boat–based shots, 141

choices, 77

definition, 56

digital exposure, 52

exposure compensation, 68

exposure increments, 57

frozen water, 148

HDR capture, 168–169, 172

low light, 99

and megapixels, 16

panorama shots, 182

polarizers, 48

snowy shots, 155

and stops, 54

wind techniques, 85

J

Japan, 18

JPEGs, 60–62, 64–65, 77, 105, 107, 168–169, 175

K

Kayaks, shooting from, 85–86, 122, 140–143

Kelvin (K), 109–110

Kingston, 24

Kirk Enterprises, 82, 84

L

Lake Ha Hand, 6

Lake Superior, 13, 30, 32, 34, 80, 162

Landowners, 5

Landscape panorama shots, 184, 186

Laughing Whitefish Falls (Michigan), 104

Law of reciprocity, 55–56

LCD monitors, 19, 52, 72, 78, 148, 155

Leading line, 40, 133

Lee Metcalf wilderness, 6

Lens apertures, 53–54

Lens caps, 36–37, 39

Lens cleaning solution, 49

Lenses

amateur vs. properties, 27–28

choices, 39

cleaning, 48–49

fixed focal–length, 36

image sharpness, 75–76

long and super–telephoto, 43

moderate telephoto, 41, 43

polarizer, 46–48

protection, 36–37, 39

quality, 27

short telephoto, 41

super–wide–angle, 39–41

tilt–shift, 43–44, 46

wide–angle, 41

zoom, 32–36

Lens hood, 37, 47

Lens speed, 28–29

Lexar, 24

Light

and digital photography, 119

HDR contrast, 167

importance, 97–98

and polarizing filters, 99–102

viewfinder, 69–70

Light direction

back–light, 117

front–light, 114

overcast light, 114, 116

reflected light, 117

side–light, 117

Light qualities

amount, 98–99

color, 102–109

contrast, 109, 111, 113–114

direction, 114–118

Lightroom (Adobe), 177

Linear polarizer, 46, 100

Live view, 155

Long-telephoto lenses, 43

Look-up table, 58

Loupe, 19

Lower Falls (Yellowstone), 35

L–plates, 82, 84

Luminance histograms, 19, 21, 52

Luminance noise, 16

M

Madison River (Yellowstone), 24

Mamiya cameras, 11

Mammoth Hot Springs (Yellowstone), 22

Manfrotto tripods, 81

Manual exposure

mode choices, 66–67

panorama shots, 182

techniques, 62–65

Manual focusing, 88–89

Manzanar National Historic site, 28

Mara Game Reserve (Kenya), 20, 27, 161

Medium-format cameras, 11

Megapixels (MP), 11, 14–16

Memory card, 11, 24–25

Memory Stick Pro Dual, 24

Metering modes, 58–59, 155, 157

Micro-fiber cloth, 48–49

Middle gray, 67

Mid–toned gray, 67

Midway Geyser Basin, 185

Miner’s Beach, 93

Mirror lockup, 21, 88

Mixed colors, 105

Moccasin Lake, 132

Moderate telephoto lenses, 41, 43

Monitors, 72, see also LCD monitors

Mono Lake, 10, 45, 81, 89, 121–122

Mountains, 5–7

Moving water (tripods), 85

MP, see Megapixels (MP)

Mt. Sheridan (Yellowstone), 108

Mt. Whitney (California), 10, 55

Multiple autofocus points, 90–91

N

National monuments, 3

National parks, 3

National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) system, 4

Native resolution, 14

Native speed, 56

Natural landscapes, 3–5

Natural light, 7, 69, 108, 111, 114, 169, 172

Nature centers, 5

Nature photography, 53

ND filters, 111, 114, 167–168

Nikon systems

back–button focusing, 92–93

color matrix metering, 58, 155, 157

exposure determination, 52

HDR autobracketing, 170, 172

Image-stabilization, 30

lenses, 32, 36, 39, 41, 43, 76

megapixels, 11

memory cards, 24

polarizers, 100

quality, 9–10

sensor size, 16–17

tilt-shift lenses, 43

virtual horizon, 127

Nodal point, 180–181

Noise Ninja, 16

Noise reduction software, 16

Noise (sensors), 56

Noiseware, 16

Nubia vulture (Kenya), 39

NWR National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) system

O

Okefenokee Swamp, 47

Old Faithful Geyser (Yellowstone), 106

Olympus cameras, 10

One-half stop exposure increments, 56–57

One-stop exposure increments, 56

One-third stop exposure increments, 57

Open shade, 102, 105

Orange Spring Mound (Yellowstone), 63

Oregon Coast, 83

Orientation importance, 124–126, 184, 186

Outlying focus points, 91

Overcast days, 100, 114, 116

P

Palette Spring (Yellowstone), 22

Panasonic cameras, 10

Panning, 181

Panorama Factory, 187

Panorama shots

camera leveling, 180

focal length, 187

good scenes, 179

HDR, 184

image exposure, 182, 184

image overlap, 184

nodal point, 180–181

orientation, 184, 186

panning, 181

photographing, 179–180

polarizing filters, 184

series, 181

settings, 181–182

stitching together, 187

tripod leveling, 180

uneven exposures, 71–72

Pan-tilt tripod head, 81–82

Paria Canyon (Arizona), 91

Partial metering, 58

Pater, Dan, 137

Patterns (depth), 133

Peak autumn color, 149–151

Pentax cameras, 10

Perspective, 40, 127–128

Pete’s Lake (Michigan), 75

Photomatix Pro software, 113, 160, 165, 168, 174

PhotoMechanic, 77

Photoshop (Adobe), 165, 168, 176–177, 179–180, 187

Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, 66, 93, 139–140

Pixel errors, 16

Pixels (picture elements), 11, see also Megapixels (MP)

Pixes per inch (ppi), 14

Polarizing filters

autumn color shots, 153

lens protection, 37

and light, 99–102

panorama shots, 184

usage, 46–48

waterfall shots, 144

“Poor man’s” shutter priority, 148–149

Portal Falls (California), 55

Portrait panorama shots, 184, 186

ppi, see Pixes per inch (ppi)

Prime lenses, 36

Print film exposure, 51

Private land, 5

Program autoexposure, 65

Protection filters, 37, 76

PTGui, 187

Public lands, 4

Push–pull zoom, 32, 35

Q

Quick-release plates, 82

R

Rainbows (polarizers), 48

RAW images

AWB, 107

double process, 111

and histograms, 60

ideal exposure, 61

vs. JPEGs, 77, 168–169

manual exposure, 64

and megapixels, 14

open shade, 105

processing, 53

Really Right Stuff, 82, 84

Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, 4

Reflected light, 117

Reflections, 4

Reflectors, 167

Remote releases, 87–88

Resolution, 14

RGB (Adobe), 77–78

RGB histograms

definition, 21

example, 62

exposure quality, 52, 142

manual exposure, 64

snowy landscape shots, 155

spot metering, 59

waterfall shots, 146

Ring (zoom), 32

Rock River Falls, 147

Rule of thirds, 129–130

S

Samsung cameras, 10

SanDisk card, 24–25

Sandstone, 9

Scheimpflug Principle, 44

Scott falls (Michigan), 23

Seasonal considerations, 5, 147

Secure Digital card, 24

Self–timer, 21, 88

Sensors, 16–17, 19, 56, 93–95

Shade white balance, 107

Shadows, 131, 133–134

Shooting techniques, 85–88

Short telephoto lenses, 41

Shutter priority autoexposure, 65–66

Shutter priority, 148–149

Shutter speed, 54–56, 63, 87, 148, 158, 169

Side-light, 117

Sierra mountains, 103

Sigma systems, 10, 36, 41, 75

Signal–to–noise ratio, 52

Single autofocus, 90

Slot canyons (Arizona), 16, 98

Small sensors, 17, 19

Snow (tripods), 85

Snowy landscape shots, 155, 157–159

Soft ground (tripods), 85

Software, see alsospecific programs

HDR, seeHigh dynamic range (HDR) techniques

noise reduction, 16

panorama stitching, 181, 187

Sony systems, 10, 29, 32, 41

South Carolina, 6

Specular highlights, 61

Split neutral–density (ND) filters, 111, 114, 167–168

Spot metering, 24, 59

Spray Falls (Lake Superior), 32 sRGB, 77–78

Stacking filters, 39, 76

State parks, 4

Stitcher, 187

Stop increments, 54, 57–58

Storage buffer, 14

Subject considerations

autoexposure problems, 70–71

autumn color, 149–155

composition, 124, 133, 137

flash at dawn/dusk, 162–163

landscapes via boat, 139–142

snowy landscapes, 155–158

sunrise and sunset shots, 158, 160–162

waterfalls, 142, 144–149

Sunny day shots, 100, 153

Sunrise shots, 158, 160–163

Sunset shots, 158, 160-162

Super Steadyshot (Sony), 29

Super-telephoto lenses, 43

Super-wide-angle lenses, 39–41

T

Tahquamenon Falls, 4

Tamron systems, 41, 75

Telephoto lenses, 12, 41, 43

32-bit images, 175–176

Thornton Lake (Michigan), 41, 152

Tiffen polarizers, 100

Tilt-shift lens, 43–44, 46

Tokina systems, 32, 41, 75

Tone Compressor, 175

Tone curve (HDR), 175

Tone-mapping, 175

Tripod head, 81–82

Tripods, 79, 81, 84–85, 146–147, 168, 180

Tungsten white balance, 107

Tuolomne Meadows (Yosemite), 6

Two Top Mountain (Yellowstone), 30, 186

U

Ultrasonic motor (USM), 28

Union Falls (Yellowstone), 71

Universal lenses, 39

Universal quick-release plates, 82

USM, see Ultrasonic motor (USM)

UV filter, 37

V

Variable aperture zooms, 33

Venturi effect, 146

Vibration reduction (VR), 29

Viewfinder, 69–70

Viewpoint, 127

Virtual horizon, 127

VR, seeVibration reduction (VR)

W

Warming polarizer, 46, 100

Waterfall shots, 3, 142, 144, 146–149

Water (tripods), 85

Wavelength, 102

Weather, 153

White balance, 107, 109, 175, 181–182

White fluorescent lights, 107

White Sands National Monument, 56, 160

Whooper swans (Japan), 18

Wide–angle lenses, 41, 131, 136–137, 148

Wildlife photography, 4, 18

Wind effects, 84–85, 146, 153–155

Y

Yellowstone National Park, 3, 5, 22, 24, 33, 35–36, 63, 71, 106, 108, 155–156, 186

Yosemite National Park, 6

Z

Zoom lenses, 32–33, 36, 41, 63, 182

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