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Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 ContentsOverview ..................... 2
1.2 Notation and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 The Graphics Rendering Pipeline 11
2.1 Architecture......................... 12
2.2 TheApplicationStage ................... 14
2.3 TheGeometryStage .................... 15
2.4 TheRasterizerStage.................... 21
2.5 Through the Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3 The Graphics Processing Unit 29
3.1 GPUPipelineOverview .................. 30
3.2 The Programmable Shader Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 The Evolution of Programmable Shading . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4 TheVertexShader ..................... 38
3.5 TheGeometryShader ................... 40
3.6 ThePixelShader...................... 42
3.7 TheMergingStage..................... 44
3.8 Effects............................ 45
4Transforms 53
4.1 BasicTransforms...................... 55
4.2 Special Matrix Transforms and Operations . . . . . . . . 65
4.3 Quaternions......................... 72
4.4 VertexBlending....................... 80
4.5 Morphing .......................... 85
4.6 Projections ......................... 89
5 Visual Appearance 99
5.1 Visual Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.2 LightSources ........................ 100
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viii Contents
5.3 Material........................... 104
5.4 Sensor ............................ 107
5.5 Shading ........................... 110
5.6 AliasingandAntialiasing.................. 116
5.7 Transparency, Alpha, and Compositing . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.8 GammaCorrection..................... 141
6 Texturing 147
6.1 TheTexturingPipeline................... 148
6.2 ImageTexturing ...................... 156
6.3 ProceduralTexturing.................... 178
6.4 TextureAnimation..................... 180
6.5 MaterialMapping...................... 180
6.6 AlphaMapping....................... 181
6.7 BumpMapping....................... 183
7 Advanced Shading 201
7.1 Radiometry ......................... 202
7.2 Photometry ......................... 209
7.3 Colorimetry......................... 210
7.4 LightSourceTypes..................... 217
7.5 BRDFTheory........................ 223
7.6 BRDFModels........................ 251
7.7 BRDF Acquisition and Representation . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.8 ImplementingBRDFs ................... 269
7.9 Combining Lights and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
8 Area and Environmental Lighting 285
8.1 Radiometry for Arbitrary Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
8.2 AreaLightSources..................... 289
8.3 AmbientLight ....................... 295
8.4 EnvironmentMapping ................... 297
8.5 Glossy Reflections from Environment Maps . . . . . . . 308
8.6 Irradiance Environment Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
9 Global Illumination 327
9.1 Shadows........................... 331
9.2 AmbientOcclusion ..................... 373
9.3 Reflections.......................... 386
9.4 Transmittance........................ 392
9.5 Refractions ......................... 396
9.6 Caustics........................... 399
9.7 Global Subsurface Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
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9.8 FullGlobalIllumination .................. 407
9.9 PrecomputedLighting ................... 417
9.10 PrecomputedOcclusion .................. 425
9.11 Precomputed Radiance Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
10 Image-Based Effects 439
10.1 TheRenderingSpectrum.................. 440
10.2 Fixed-ViewEffects ..................... 440
10.3 Skyboxes........................... 443
10.4 LightFieldRendering ................... 444
10.5 SpritesandLayers ..................... 445
10.6 Billboarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
10.7 ParticleSystems ...................... 455
10.8 DisplacementTechniques.................. 463
10.9 ImageProcessing...................... 467
10.10 ColorCorrection ...................... 474
10.11 ToneMapping........................ 475
10.12 LensFlareandBloom ................... 482
10.13 DepthofField ....................... 486
10.14 MotionBlur......................... 490
10.15 Fog.............................. 496
10.16 VolumeRendering ..................... 502
11 Non-Photorealistic Rendering 507
11.1 ToonShading........................ 508
11.2 Silhouette Edge Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
11.3 OtherStyles......................... 523
11.4 Lines............................. 527
12 Polygonal Techniques 531
12.1 Sources of Three-Dimensional Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
12.2 Tessellation and Triangulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
12.3 Consolidation........................ 541
12.4 Triangle Fans, Strips, and Meshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
12.5 Simplification ........................ 561
13 Curves and Curved Surfaces 575
13.1 ParametricCurves ..................... 576
13.2 Parametric Curved Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
13.3 ImplicitSurfaces ...................... 606
13.4 SubdivisionCurves..................... 608
13.5 SubdivisionSurfaces .................... 611
13.6 EfficientTessellation .................... 629
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14 Acceleration Algorithms 645
14.1 SpatialDataStructures .................. 647
14.2 Culling Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
14.3 Hierarchical View Frustum Culling . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
14.4 Portal Culling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
14.5 Detail Culling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
14.6 Occlusion Culling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
14.7 LevelofDetail ....................... 680
14.8 Large Model Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
14.9 PointRendering....................... 693
15 Pipeline Optimization 697
15.1 ProfilingTools ....................... 698
15.2 LocatingtheBottleneck .................. 699
15.3 Performance Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
15.4 Optimization ........................ 703
15.5 Multiprocessing....................... 716
16 Intersection Test Methods 725
16.1 Hardware-Accelerated Picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
16.2 Definitions and Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
16.3 Bounding Volume Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
16.4 Geometric Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
16.5 RulesofThumb....................... 737
16.6 Ray/Sphere Intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
16.7 Ray/BoxIntersection.................... 741
16.8 Ray/TriangleIntersection ................. 746
16.9 Ray/Polygon Intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
16.10 Plane/Box IntersectionDetection............. 755
16.11 Triangle/Triangle Intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
16.12 Triangle/BoxOverlap ................... 760
16.13 BV/BV Intersection Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
16.14 ViewFrustumIntersection................. 771
16.15 Shaft/Box and Shaft/Sphere Intersection . . . . . . . . . 778
16.16 Line/Line Intersection Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
16.17 Intersection Between Three Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
16.18 Dynamic Intersection Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
17 Collision Detection 793
17.1 Collision Detection with Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
17.2 DynamicCDusingBSPTrees............... 797
17.3 General Hierarchical Collision Detection . . . . . . . . . 802
17.4 OBBTree .......................... 807
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17.5 A Multiple Objects CD System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
17.6 MiscellaneousTopics .................... 816
17.7 OtherWork......................... 826
18 Graphics Hardware 829
18.1 BuffersandBuffering.................... 829
18.2 Perspective-Correct Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
18.3 Architecture......................... 840
18.4 CaseStudies......................... 859
19 The Future 879
19.1 EverythingElse....................... 879
19.2 You ............................. 885
A Some Linear Algebra 889
A.1 EuclideanSpace....................... 889
A.2 GeometricalInterpretation................. 892
A.3 Matrices........................... 897
A.4 Homogeneous Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905
A.5 Geometry .......................... 906
B Trigonometry 913
B.1 Definitions.......................... 913
B.2 Trigonometric Laws and Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Bibliography 921
Index 1003
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