Unobtrusive observation of people or behaviors, without direct participation or interference
This method attempts to minimize potential bias or behavioral influences that might result from engagement with users.
It is appropriate when observing public behaviors or work processes that may be unduly influenced if interrupted or inconvenienced.
It may reduce the researcher’s ability to connect empathically with people and probe further into motivations behind participant behaviors.
It is generally conducted flexibly, although worksheets or other guiding frameworks may usefully inform observations.
Secret outsiders are distant observers, with a vantage point that removes them from participants to minimize any influence on behaviors.
Recognized outsiders have the nature of their research and role as observer made known to participants, but position themselves in a natural and unobtrusive way.