- Cover
- Title page
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Also by the same author
- Dedication
- Preface
- Chapter 1. Economic Aspects
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Load Curve
- 1.3 Load–Duration Curve
- 1.4 Integrated Load–Duration Curve
- 1.5 Definition of Terms and Factors
- 1.5.1 Connected Load
- 1.5.2 Maximum Demand
- 1.5.3 Demand Factor
- 1.5.4 Average Load
- 1.5.5 Load Factor
- 1.5.6 Diversity Factor
- 1.5.7 Plant Capacity
- 1.5.8 Plant Capacity Factor
- 1.5.9 Utilization Factor (or Plant-Use Factor)
- 1.5.10 Firm Power
- 1.5.11 Prime Power
- 1.5.12 Dump Power
- 1.5.13 Spill Power
- 1.5.14 Cold Reserve
- 1.5.15 Hot Reserve
- 1.5.16 Spinning Reserve
- 1.6 Base Load and Peak Load on a Power Station
- 1.7 Load Forecasting
- Key Notes
- Short Questions and Answers
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Review Questions
- Problems
- Chapter 2. Economic Load Dispatch-I
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Characteristics of Power Generation (Steam) Unit
- 2.3 System Variables
- 2.4 Problem of Optimum Dispatch—Formulation
- 2.5 Input–Output Characteristics
- 2.6 Cost Curves
- 2.7 Incremental Fuel Cost Curve
- 2.8 Heat Rate Curve
- 2.9 Incremental Efficiency
- 2.10 Non-Smooth Cost Functions with Multivalve Effect
- 2.11 Non-smooth Cost Functions with Multiple Fuels
- 2.12 Characteristics of a Hydro-Power Unit
- 2.13 Incremental Production Costs
- 2.14 Classical Methods for Economic Operation of System Plants
- 2.15 Optimization Problem—Mathematical Formulation (Neglecting the Transmission Losses)
- 2.16 Mathematical Determination of Optimal Allocation of Total Load Among Different Units
- 2.17 Computational Methods
- 2.18 Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses and Including Generator Limits
- 2.19 Flowchart for Obtaining Optimal Scheduling of Generating Units by Neglecting the Transmission Losses
- 2.20 Economical Load Dispatch—In Other Units
- Key Notes
- Short Questions and Answers
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Review Questions
- Problems
- Chapter 3. Economic Load Dispatch-II
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Optimal Generation Scheduling Problem: Consideration of Transmission Losses
- 3.3 Transmission Loss Expression in Terms of Real-Power Generation—Derivation
- 3.4 Mathematical Determination of Optimum Allocation of Total Load when Transmission Losses are Taken into Consideration
- 3.5 Flowchart for the Solution of an Optimization Problem when Transmission Losses are Considered
- Key Notes
- Short Questions and Answers
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Review Questions
- Problems
- Chapter 4. Optimal Unit Commitment
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Comparison with Economic Load Dispatch
- 4.3 Need for UC
- 4.4 Constraints in UC
- 4.5 Cost Function Formulation
- 4.6 Constraints for Plant Commitment Schedules
- 4.7 Unit Commitment—Solution Methods
- 4.8 Consideration of Reliability in Optimal UC Problem
- 4.9 Optimal UC with Security Constraint
- 4.10 Start-Up Consideration
- Key Notes
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Short Questions and Answers
- Review Questions
- Problems
- Chapter 5. Optimal Power-Flow Problem—Solution Technique
- Chapter 6. Hydro-Thermal Scheduling
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Hydro-Thermal Co-ordination
- 6.3 Scheduling of Hydro-Units in a Hydro-Thermal System
- 6.4 Co-ordination of Run-off River Plant and Steam Plant
- 6.5 Long-Term Co-ordination
- 6.6 Short-Term Co-ordination
- 6.7 General Mathematical Formulation of Long-Term Hydro-Thermal Scheduling
- 6.8 Solution of Short-Term Hydro-Thermal Scheduling Problems—Kirchmayer's Method
- 6.9 Advantages of Operation of Hydro-Thermal Combinations
- Key Notes
- Short Questions and Answers
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Review Questions
- Problems
- Chapter 7. Load Frequency Control-I
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Necessity of Maintaining Frequency Constant
- 7.3 Load Frequency Control
- 7.4 Governor Characteristics of a Single Generator
- 7.5 Adjustment of Governor Characteristic of Parallel Operating Units
- 7.6 LFC: (P–f Control)
- 7.7 Q–V Control
- 7.8 Generator Controllers (P–f and Q–V Controllers)
- 7.9 P–f Control versus Q–V Control
- 7.10 Dynamic Interaction Between P–f and Q–V Loops
- 7.11 Speed-Governing System
- 7.12 Turbine Model
- 7.13 Generator-Load Model
- 7.14 Control Area Concept
- 7.15 Incremental Power Balance of Control Area
- 7.16 Single Area Identification
- 7.17 Single Area—Steady-State Analysis
- 7.18 Static Load Frequency Curves
- 7.19 Dynamic Analysis
- 7.20 Requirements of the Control Strategy
- 7.21 Analysis of the Integral Control
- 7.22 Role of Integral Controller Gain (KI) Setting
- 7.23 Control of Generator Unit Power Output
- Key Notes
- Short Questions and Answers
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Review Questions
- Problems
- Chapter 8. Load Frequency Control-II
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Composite Block Diagram of a Two-Area Case
- 8.3 Response of a Two-Area System—Uncontrolled Case
- 8.4 Area Control Error —Two-Area Case
- 8.5 Composite Block Diagram of a Two-Area System (Controlled Case)
- 8.6 Optimum Parameter Adjustment
- 8.7 Load Frequency and Economic Dispatch Controls
- 8.8 Design of Automatic Generation Control Using the Kalman Method
- 8.9 Dynamic-State-Variable Model
- Key Notes
- Short Questions and Answers
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Review Questions
- Problems
- Chapter 9. Reactive Power Compensation
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Objectives of Load Compensation
- 9.3 Ideal Compensator
- 9.4 Specifications of Load Compensation
- 9.5 Theory of Load Compensation
- 9.6 Load Balancing and p.f. Improvement of Unsymmetrical Three-Phase Loads
- 9.7 Uncompensated Transmission Lines
- 9.8 Uncompensated Line with Open-Circuit
- 9.9 The Uncompensated Line Under Load
- 9.10 Compensated Transmission Lines
- 9.11 Sub-Synchronous Resonance
- 9.12 Shunt Compensator
- 9.13 Series Compensator
- 9.14 Unified Power-Flow Controller
- 9.15 Basic Relationship for Power-Flow Control
- 9.16 Comparison of Different Types of Compensating Equipment for Transmission Systems
- 9.17 Voltage Stability—What is it?
- 9.18 Voltage-Stability Analysis
- 9.19 Derivation for Voltage-Stability Index
- Key Notes
- Short Questions and Answers
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Review Questions
- Problems
- Chapter 10. Voltage Control
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Necessity of Voltage Control
- 10.3 Generation and Absorption of Reactive Power
- 10.4 Location of Voltage-Control Equipment
- 10.5 Methods of Voltage Control
- 10.6 Rating of Synchronous Phase Modifier
- Key Notes
- Short Questions and Answers
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Review Questions
- Problems
- Chapter 11. Modeling of Prime Movers and Generators
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Hydraulic Turbine System
- 11.3 Steam Turbine Modeling
- 11.4 Synchronous Machines
- 11.5 Simplified Model of Synchronous Machine (Neglecting Saliency and Changes in Flux Linkages)
- 11.6 Effect of Saliency
- 11.7 General Equation of Synchronous Machine
- 11.8 Determination of Synchronous Machine Inductances
- 11.9 Rotor Inductances
- 11.10 Stator Self-Inductances
- 11.11 Stator Mutual Inductances
- 11.12 Development of General Machine Equations—Matrix Form
- 11.13 Blondel's Transformation (or) Park's Transformation to ‘dqo’ Components
- 11.14 Inverse Park's Transformation
- 11.15 Power-Invariant Transformation in ‘f-d-q-o’ Axes
- 11.16 Flux Linkage Equations
- 11.17 Voltage Equations
- 11.18 Physical Interpretation of Equations (11.62) and (11.68)
- 11.19 Generalized Impedance Matrix (Voltage–Current Relations)
- 11.20 Torque Equation
- 11.21 Synchronous Machine—Steady-state Analysis
- 11.22 Dynamic Model of Synchronous Machine
- 11.23 Modeling of Synchronous Machine—Swing Equation
- Key Notes
- Short Questions and Answers
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Review Questions
- Chapter 12. Modeling of Speed Governing and Excitation Systems
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Modeling of Speed-Governing Systems
- 12.3 For Steam Turbines
- 12.4 For Hydro-Turbines
- 12.5 Modeling with Limits
- 12.6 Modeling of a Steam-Governor Turbine System
- 12.7 Modeling of a Hydro-Turbine-Speed Governor
- 12.8 Excitation Systems
- 12.9 Effect of Varying Excitation of a Synchronous Generator
- 12.10 Methods of Providing Excitation
- 12.11 Excitation Control Scheme
- 12.12 Excitation Systems—Classification
- 12.13 Various Components and their Transfer Functions of Excitation Systems
- 12.14 Self-excited Exciter and Amplidyne
- 12.15 Development of Excitation System Block Diagram
- 12.16 General Functional Block Diagram of an Excitation System
- 12.17 Standard Block Diagram Representations of Different Excitation Systems
- Key Notes
- Short Questions and Answers
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Review Questions
- Chapter 13. Power System Security and State Estimation
- Appendix A
- Acknowledgments
- Copyright
Also by the same author
Electric Power Transmission and Distribution is a comprehensive text designed for undergraduate courses. A part of the electrical engineering curriculum, this book is designed to meet the requirements of students taking elementary courses in electric power transmission and distribution. Written in a simple, easy-to-understand manner, this book introduces the reader to electrical, mechanical and economic aspects of the design and construction of power transmission and distribution systems.
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