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Data Modeling
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Data Modeling
by George McGeachie, Steve Hoberman
Data Modeling Made Simple with PowerDesigner®
Contents at a Glance
Contents
Acknowledgements
From George
From Steve
Foreword
Read me first!
How to get the Most out of this Book
Icons Used in this Book
Conventions Used in this Book
In Summary
SECTION I
Data Modeling Introduction
CHAPTER 1
What is a data model?
Wayfinding Explained
Data Model Explained
Fun with Ice Cream
Fun with Business Cards
EXERCISE 1: Educating Your Neighbor
CHAPTER 2
Why do we need a data model?
Communication
Communicating During the Modeling Process
Communicating After the Modeling Process
Precision
Data Model Uses
EXERCISE 2: Converting the Non-Believer
SECTION II
Data Model Components
CHAPTER 3
What are entities?
Entity Explained
Entity Types
EXERCISE 3: Defining Subject Areas
CHAPTER 4
What are data elements?
Data Element Explained
Data Element Types
Domain Explained
EXERCISE 4: Assigning Domains
CHAPTER 5
What are relationships?
Relationship Explained
Relationship Types
Cardinality Explained
Recursion Explained
Relationship Descriptions
Subtyping Explained
EXERCISE 5: Reading a Model
CHAPTER 6
Why are names and definitions important?
Clarity
Completeness
Accuracy
Lack of Ambiguity
Not Only Entities and Data Elements
Especially Relationships
The Need for Naming Standards
CHAPTER 7
What are keys?
Key Explained
Candidate Key Explained
Primary and Alternate Keys Explained
Surrogate Key Explained
Foreign Key Explained
EXERCISE 6: Clarifying Customer Id
SECTION III
Data Modeling in PowerDesigner
CHAPTER 8
Why do we need a data modeling tool?
Why not use a drawing tool for data modeling?
Key Features Needed in a Data Modeling Tool
Core Modeling
Usability
Interfaces and Integration
Tool Management and Communication
Collaboration
EXERCISE 7: Examining Your Current Data Modeling Tool
CHAPTER 9
What can PowerDesigner do for me?
What is metadata?
PowerDesigner metadata scope
PowerDesigner Data Models
Data Modeling Feature Comparison
Core Modeling
***
Support For Multiple Types Of Data-Related Models
Linking and Syncing Models
One File Per Model
Multiple Notations Supported
Subsets Of A Data Model
Model Validation
Naming Standards
Spreadsheet-like editing
Comprehensive Database Support
Dependencies Between Model Objects
Internal and External Dependencies
Versioning
Automation
Assertion Statements
Reference Models
Usability
***
Diagram Layout
Flexible Facilities For Editing Objects
Role-based User Interface
Interfaces And Integration
Importing Existing Data Models
Round-trip Engineering
Supporting Bulk Updates Via Excel
Generating New Models
Comparing and Merging Models
Generating Test Data
Displaying Data from a Database
Integration With Development Environments
Generate Data Replication Scripts
Tool Management And Communication
Extending PowerDesigner’s Capabilities
Reporting Facilities
Access via a Portal
Viewing Models for Free
Collaboration
Access Management
Sharing Best Practices
CHAPTER 10
How can we work within the PowerDesigner environment?
Fundamentals of PowerDesigner
The Welcome Page
The Building Blocks
Not Just a Load Of Symbols
Names and Codes in PowerDesigner Objects
Interface Overview
Toolbars
Organizing Views
Mouse-clicking
Dragging Views
Promoting a View
Restoring a Window
Resizing a Window
The View Toolbar
Changing Focus
Re-arranging the Canvas
Working with Objects
Looking at the Demo Workspace
The Toolbox
Working in the Browser
Contextual Menus
Object Property Sheets
Property Types
More Tabs for an Entity
Common Properties
Do not generate me
Many Ways of Doing Things
Object Lists
Opening a List Of Objects
Organizing a List of Objects
The Toolbar
Customizing a List of Objects
Working With a List of Objects
Creating Objects in a List of Objects
Moving, Copying and Deleting Objects
Undoing Things
Working with Diagrams
Creating a Diagram
Creating a Diagram from a Selection
Opening Diagrams
Viewing Diagrams
Identifying Models
Changing the Default Diagram
Getting Ready To Print
Printing a Diagram
Deleting a Diagram
Working with Symbols
Creating and Drawing Symbols
Automatic Link Routing
Selecting, Editing, and Resizing Symbols
Rerouting Link Symbols Manually
Bending and Straightening Link Symbols
Connecting a Link Symbol to a Different Object
Renaming Objects and Symbols
The Two-click Method for Renaming an Object
The Three-click Method for Renaming an Object
The <F2> Method for Renaming an Object
The Property Sheet Method for Renaming an Object
The Two-handed Method for Renaming an Object
Accessing Objects from a Diagram
Showing and Hiding Symbols
Communicating Your Message
Changing the Content of Symbols
Formatting Symbols
Get and Apply Format
Laying Out Diagrams
Graphical Synonyms
Menus Depend on Models
Workspaces
Models
Creating a Model
Removing an Unsaved Model
GUIDs
Saving Models
Backup Files
Deleting a Model
Projects
Creating a Project
Adding Models to a Project
Project Diagrams
Using Frameworks
Opening a Model, Project, or Workspace
Moving Models Around
Absolute vs. Relative File Shortcuts
Partitioning a Model
Packages
When to use Packages in Data Models
Model Extensions
Attaching Extensions to an Existing Model
Finding Things Again
Searching Local Models
Searching the Repository
Searching via the Web Portal
EXERCISE 8: Creating your own Workspace, Project and Models
CHAPTER 11
How do I create entities in PowerDesigner?
Drawing New Entities
Changing Model Notation
Creating Entities in the Browser
Editing via the List of Entities
Exporting the Diagram Image
Object Property Sheets
Importing Entities from Excel Files
EXERCISE 9: Creating LDM Entities in PowerDesigner
CHAPTER 12
How do I create data elements in PowerDesigner?
Standard Properties for Data Elements
Domains in PowerDesigner
Enforcing Non-divergence from a Domain in a Data Model
The Result of our Edits
Data Items in PowerDesigner
Controlling Uniqueness and Reuse of Data Items
Should we reuse Data Items within a model?
When to Use Domains instead of Data Items
Incorporating Data Items in Governance
Model Checks
Attributes and Columns in PowerDesigner
Creating a Conceptual Attribute
Creating a Logical Attribute
Replica Attributes
Replica Entities
Replica Data Items
Replica Data Items in one Model
Listing Replicas
Display Preferences for Attributes and Columns
Viewing Generation Links
See “Creating Objects in a List of Objects”
Domain Dependencies
The PowerDesigner Glossary
Transferring Properties
Synchronization
Generation
Managing Allowable Values
Dependency Matrices
Advanced Dependencies
EXERCISE 10: Creating a new Conceptual Data Model in PowerDesigner
CHAPTER 13
How do I create relationships in PowerDesigner?
Creating Relationships in PowerDesigner
Creating a Relationship from the Palette
Creating a Relationship from a List
Creating a Relationship in the Browser
Relationship Properties
The Cardinalities Tab
The Importance of Role Names
Assertion Statements
An Entity’s Relationships
Display Preferences for Relationships
Routing Relationships
Graphical Synonyms
Many-to-many relationships
Resolving Many-to-many Relationships
Recursive (Reflexive) Relationships
Subtypes in PowerDesigner
Inheritance Properties
Subtypes in Barker Notation
Including Missing Relationships
EXERCISE 11: Creating Relationships in PowerDesigner
EXERCISE 12: Naming an Associative Entity
CHAPTER 14
How do I create keys in PowerDesigner?
Creating Candidate Identifiers
In the Entity Property Sheet
In the Browser
In an Entity Symbol
In a Relationship Property Sheet
Via an Excel Import
Entity Identifier Properties
Object Lists
Identifiers on Entity and Table Symbols
Changing Identifier Content
Identifier Migration Along Relationships
Attribute Migration Settings
Migrating a Different Identifier
Naming Your Identifiers
Attributes and Columns in Identifiers and Keys
EXERCISE 13: Constructing Identifiers
Create Identifiers via the Entity Property Sheet
The Quickest Way to Create a Primary Identifier
Convert a Candidate Identifier into a Primary Identifier
Make a Relationship Dependent
Change the Name of a Migrated Attribute
Make a Migrated Attribute ‘primary’
Extending a Composite Identifier
Editing the Identifier via the Entity Symbol
Creating a Candidate Identifier via the Entity Symbol
The Finished Diagram
SECTION IV
Subject Area, Logical, and Physical Data Models
The Data Model Pyramid
Which PowerDesigner model types should I use?
CHAPTER 15
What are subject area models?
Subject Area Explained
Subject Area Model Explained
Types of Subject Area Models
Business Subject Area Model (BSAM)
Application Subject Area Model (ASAM)
Comparison Subject Area Model (CSAM)
How to Build a Subject Area Model
Subject Area Models in PowerDesigner
CDM Settings
Approaches for Creating a SAM
Presenting the SAM
Linking the SAM to Other Data Models
Searching the Links
Relationship Names in the SAM
Useful SAM Model Checks
All Objects
Entity
Relationship
Inheritance
Additional Information in the SAM
Promoting and Sharing the SAM
EXERCISE 14: Building a Subject Area Model in PowerDesigner
EXERCISE 15: Building a Subject Area Model
CHAPTER 16
What are logical data models?
Logical Data Model Explained
Comparison of Relational with Dimensional Logical Models
Normalization Explained
Initial Chaos
First Normal Form (1NF)
Resolve Repeating Data Elements
Resolve Multi-valued Data Elements
Second Normal Form (2NF)
Third Normal Form (3NF)
Abstraction Explained
Dimensional Modeling FAQ
Logical Data Models in PowerDesigner
LDM Settings
Approaches for Creating a LDM
Presenting the LDM
Linking the LDM to Other Data Models
Dimensional LDM Notation
Relationship Names in the LDM
Normalization in the LDM
Useful LDM Model Checks
Domain
Entity
Attribute
Relationship
Inheritance
Additional Information in the LDM
Promoting and Sharing the LDM
EXERCISE 16: Creating a Logical Data Model in PowerDesigner
EXERCISE 17: Modifying a Logical Data Model in PowerDesigner
EXERCISE 18: Modifying and Normalizing a Logical Data Model in PowerDesigner
First Normal Form
Second Normal Form
Third Normal Form
Abstraction
EXERCISE 19: Creating a Dimensional LDM in PowerDesigner
Complete the Relational LDM
Transform the Relational LDM into a Dimensional LDM
Add Entity and Attribute Stereotypes
CHAPTER 17
What are physical data models?
Physical Data Model Explained
Denormalization Explained
Standard
FUBES
Repeating Groups
Repeating Data Elements
Summarization
Star Schema
Views Explained
Indexing Explained
Keys and Indexes in the PDM
Partitioning Explained
Snowflake
When Reference Data Values Change
Physical Data Models in PowerDesigner
PDM Settings
The Database Menu
The Tools Menu
Approaches for Creating a PDM
The Physical Diagram Palette
Creating a Reference from the Palette
Reference Optionality & Cardinalities
Creating a View
Display Preferences
SQL Preview
Viewing Data
Denormalization in PowerDesigner
Collapsing Subtypes
Reverse-engineering Databases
Keeping the Model and Database Synchronized
EXERCISE 20: Getting Physical with Subtypes in PowerDesigner
EXERCISE 21: Denormalizing a PDM in PowerDesigner
CHAPTER 18
How can we connect these models in PowerDesigner?
Generating Models
Step 1
Step 2
Generating Model Objects
Traceability Links
The Mapping Editor
SECTION V
Consolidating What We’ve Learned
CHAPTER 19
How do we put all of the pieces together?
Your Tasks
Produce Subject Area Model
Produce Relational LDM
Produce Relational PDM
Generate a SQL File
Reverse Engineering
SECTION VI
More Great Stuff in PowerDesigner for Data Modelers
CHAPTER 20
What other data modeling features exist in PowerDesigner?
Distribution of Reference Models
Deploying an Enterprise Glossary
Creating a Glossary From Existing Documentation
Creating an Object in the Glossary
How can we use the Glossary?
Linking the Glossary to Existing Objects
Managing Names and Codes
Model Generation
The Lineage of Data Elements
Test Data
Multidimensional Diagrams
Generating Extraction Scripts
Data Movement Modeling
CHAPTER 21
How do we get information in and out of PowerDesigner?
Model Import
Importing Requirements
Excel Export
Excel Import
Exporting and Importing Lists of Values
Using Excel Import to Create Surrogate Keys
Exporting via the Clipboard
Reporting
Report
List Report
Multi-Model Report
Exercise 22: Importing from Excel
Exercise 23: Creating a List Report
CHAPTER 22
How can PowerDesigner help me improve data model quality?
Data Model Scorecard
Scorecard Categories
CHAPTER 23
What other components in PowerDesigner
can be leveraged by data modelers?
Collaboration and Standardization
Repository
Sharing Resources
Deploying Shared Resource Files
User Profiles
Project and Model Templates
Model Templates
Linking with Business Analysis
Capturing Requirements
Business Rules in PowerDesigner
Checking Spelling
Repository Portal
Automation and Simplification of Common Tasks
Compare and Merge
Checking a Model
Impact and Lineage Analysis
Impact Analysis Model
Customization and Extension
Extend the Scope of Model Information
Automatically Attaching Extensions to New Models
Customizing Menus, Toolbars, and Toolboxes
Modifying DBMS Support
Role-based UI
Scripting
SECTION VII
Beyond Data Modeling in PowerDesigner
CHAPTER 24
What's different about the XML Physical Data Model?
CHAPTER 25
What other models are available in PowerDesigner?
Bibliography
APPENDIX A
Answers to Exercises
EXERCISE 1: Educating Your Neighbor
EXERCISE 4: Assigning Domains
Email Address
Gross Sales Value Amount
Country Code
EXERCISE 5: Reading a Model
EXERCISE 6: Clarifying Customer Id
Document Uniqueness Properties
Document the Characteristics of the Identifier
Define the Customer
EXERCISE 8: Creating your own Workspace, Project, and Models
EXERCISE 12: Naming an Associative Entity
EXERCISE 17: Modifying a Logical Data Model
Option 1
Option 2 (a bit more abstract)
EXERCISE 20: Getting Physical with Subtypes in PowerDesigner
Identity
Rolling Down
Rolling Up
APPENDIX B
PowerDesigner Quick Reference for Data Modelers
Memory Joggers
Standard Generation Options
Shortcuts
How to find out more about PowerDesigner, or get help from others
APPENDIX C
Glossary
Data Modeling Terms
PowerDesigner Terms
Index
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Data Modeling
DATA
MODELING MADE SIMPLE
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