Validation simulation, 485

Validity of data, 14

Value of work completed, 404

Value stream mapping, 117

Variability in processes, 531–532

Variable costs, 6, 11, 189

Variables, 239, 472

• continuous, 31–32

• contribution rates, 264

• control charts, 532–537

• controllable, 4

• cumulative probability distribution, 465

• discrete random, 31

• investigating relationship between, 112, 134–135

• Monte Carlo simulation, 463–464

• nonlinear relationships, 131

• nonnegative, 238

• probability distributions, 464–465

• qualitative, 129

• random, 30–31, 33

• regression models, 130–134

• relationship among, 111, 112, 113, 114

• simulation, 464–465

• transformation of, 131

• transportation problems, 322

• uncontrollable, 4

Variances

• of activity completion time, 391, 392

• of binomial random variables, 38

• of discrete probability distribution, 33–34

• estimation, 119

• exponential distribution, 47

• Poisson distribution, 49

• testing hypotheses about, 44–46

Variance (ANOVA) table, 122

Variations due to assignable causes, 531, 532

Vector of state probabilities, 502–504, 505

Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), 362

Venn diagram, 23–24

Verification, 485

Vertical axis, 112

VLOOKUP function, 469, 478

VOLCANO (Volume, Location, and Aircraft Network Optimizer), 302

Volleyball and Markovian analysis, 513

von Neumann, John, 463

von Neumann midsquare method, 466