Along with the powerful timestamp object, which acts as a building block for the DatetimeIndex, there is another useful data structure, which has been introduced in pandas 0.15 – the Timedelta. The Timedelta can serve as a basis for indices as well, in this case a TimedeltaIndex.

Timedeltas are differences in times, expressed in difference units. The Timedelta class in pandas is a subclass of datetime.timedelta from the Python standard library. As with other pandas data structures, the Timedelta can be constructed from a variety of inputs:

>>> pd.Timedelta('1 days')
Timedelta('1 days 00:00:00')
>>> pd.Timedelta('-1 days 2 min 10s 3us')
Timedelta('-2 days +23:57:49.999997')
>>> pd.Timedelta(days=1,seconds=1)
Timedelta('1 days 00:00:01')

As you would expect, Timedeltas allow basic arithmetic:

>>> pd.Timedelta(days=1) + pd.Timedelta(seconds=1)
Timedelta('1 days 00:00:01')

Similar to to_datetime, there is a to_timedelta function that can parse strings or lists of strings into Timedelta structures or TimedeltaIndices:

>>> pd.to_timedelta('20.1s')
Timedelta('0 days 00:00:20.100000')

Instead of absolute dates, we could create an index of timedeltas. Imagine measurements from a volcano, for example. We might want to take measurements but index it from a given date, for example the date of the last eruption. We could create a timedelta index that has the last seven days as entries:

>>> pd.to_timedelta(np.arange(7), unit='D')
TimedeltaIndex(['0 days', '1 days', '2 days', '3 days', '4 days', '5 days', '6 days'], dtype='timedelta64[ns]', freq=None)

We could then work with time series data, indexed from the last eruption. If we had measurements for many eruptions (from possibly multiple volcanos), we would have an index that would make comparisons and analysis of this data easier. For example, we could ask whether there is a typical pattern that occurs between the third day and the fifth day after an eruption. This question would not be impossible to answer with a DatetimeIndex, but a TimedeltaIndex makes this kind of exploration much more convenient.