The fourth dimension refers to a broad collection of technologies and products designed to monitor the performance of the various hardware and software components that support the execution of an application. What distinguishes component deep-dive monitoring in application context from performance monitoring technology, in general, is the ability to associate the latency or resource consumption being measured with the application causing the latency or resource consumption. In practice, such monitoring is widely confined to off-the-shelf application stacks, middle ware (for example, application servers, message queuing systems, and service buses), database management systems (DBMS) and aspects of network packet flow.