ABS

Returns the absolute value of a number. Takes the form =ABS(number). If a number is negative, this function simply removes the sign, making it a positive number.

ACCRINT

Returns the interest accrued by a security that pays interest on a periodic basis. Takes the form =ACCRINT(issue, first interest, settlement, rate, par, frequency, basis), where issue is the issue date of the security, first interest is the date of the initial interest payment, settlement is the day you pay for the security, rate is the interest rate of the security at the issue date, par is the par value of the security, frequency is the number of coupon payments made per year (1 = annual, 2 = semiannual, 4 = quarterly), and basis is the day-count basis of the security (if 0 or omitted = 30/360, if 1 = actual/actual, if 2 = actual/360, if 3 = actual/365, if 4 = European 30/360). See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

ACCRINTM

Returns the interest accrued by a maturity security that pays interest at maturity. Takes the form =ACCRINTM(issue, maturity, rate, par, basis), where issue is the issue date of the security, maturity is the security’s maturity date, rate is the interest rate of the security at the issue date, par is the par value of the security, and basis is the day-count basis of the security (if 0 or omitted = 30/360, if 1 = actual/actual, if 2 = actual/360, if 3 = actual/365, if 4 = European 30/360). See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

ACOS

Returns the arccosine (inverse cosine) of a number in radians. Takes the form =ACOS(number), where number is the cosine of an angle.

ACOSH

Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number. Takes the form =ACOSH(number), where number must be >=1.

ADDRESS

Builds references from numbers. Takes the form =ADDRESS(row_num, column_num, abs_num, a1, sheet_text), where row_num and column_num designate the row and column values for the address; abs_num determines whether the resulting address uses absolute references (1), mixed (2 means absolute row, relative column; 3 means relative row, absolute column), or relative (4); a1 is a logical value (if TRUE, the resulting address is in A1 format; if FALSE, the resulting address is in R1C1 format); and sheet_text specifies the name of the sheet. See Using Selected Lookup and Reference Functions on page 555.

AMORDEGRC

Returns the depreciation for each accounting period (French accounting system only), including any partial period. Takes the form =AMORDEGRC(cost, date_purchased, first_period, salvage, period, rate, basis), where cost is the cost of the asset, date_purchased is the date of the purchase, first_period is the date of the end of the first period, salvage is the salvage value at the end of the life of the asset, period is the period for which you want to calculate depreciation, rate is the rate of depreciation, and basis is the year basis to be used (0 = 360 days, 1 = actual, 3 = 365 days, 4 = European 360 days). This function is similar to AMORLINC, except a depreciation coefficient is applied depending on the asset life (1.5 if 3–4 years, 2 if 5–6 years, 2.5 if greater than 6 years).

AMORLINC

Returns the depreciation for each accounting period (French accounting system only), including any partial period. See AMORDEGRC for syntax and arguments.

AND

Helps develop compound conditional test formulas in conjunction with the simple logical operators =, >, <, >=, <=, and <>. The AND function can have as many as 30 arguments and takes the form =AND(logical1, logical2, …), where each logical can be conditional tests, arrays, or references to cells that contain logical values. See Using Selected Logical Functions on page 550.

AREAS

Returns the number of areas in a reference (a cell or block of cells). Takes the form =AREAS(reference), where reference can be a cell reference, a range reference, or several range references enclosed in parentheses. See Using Selected Lookup and Reference Functions on page 555.

ASC

Changes text in double-byte character set languages to single-byte characters. Takes the form =ASC(text), where text is either text or a reference to a cell containing text. Has no effect on single-byte characters.

ASIN

Returns the arcsine of a number in radians. Takes the form =ASIN(number), where number is the sine of the angle you want and must be from –1 to 1.

ASINH

Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number. Takes the form =ASINH(number).

ATAN

Returns the arctangent of a number. Takes the form =ATAN(number), where number is the tangent of an angle.

ATAN2

Returns the arctangent of the specified x- and y-coordinates in radians. Takes the form =ATAN2(x_num, y_num), where x_num is the x-coordinate of the point, and y_num is the y-coordinate of the point. A positive result represents a counterclockwise angle from the x-axis; a negative result represents a clockwise angle.

ATANH

Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number. Takes the form =ATANH(number), where number must be between (not including) –1 and 1.

AVEDEV

Returns the average of the absolute deviations of data points from their mean. Takes the form =AVEDEV(number1, number2, …), where the numbers can be names, arrays, or references that resolve to numbers. Accepts up to 30 arguments.

AVERAGE

Returns the arithmetic mean of the specified numbers. Takes the form =AVERAGE(number1, number2, …), where the numbers can be names, arrays, or references that resolve to numbers. Cells containing text, logical values, or empty cells are ignored, but cells containing a zero value are included. See Using Built-In Statistical Functions on page 601.

AVERAGEA

Acts like AVERAGE except text and logical values are included in the calculation. See Using Built-In Statistical Functions on page 601.

AVERAGEIF

Finds the arithmetic mean cells in the specified range that meet a given criteria. Takes the form =AVERAGEIF(range, criteria, average_range) where range is the cells to evaluate; criteria is an expression, cell reference, or number used to define which cells to average; and average_range is the actual cells to average. Excel uses the top-left cell of average_range as the beginning and the bottom-left cell of either average_range or range (whichever is larger) to determine the size of the cell range to be used. If average_range is omitted, range is used.

AVERAGEIFS

Acts like AVERAGEIF but accepts multiple criteria. Takes the form =AVERAGEIFS(average_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, criteria_range2, criteria2, …).

BAHTTEXT

Converts a number to Thai text and adds the suffix Baht. Takes the form =BAHTTEXT(number), where number can be a reference to a cell containing a number or a formula that resolves to a number.

BESSELI

Returns the modified Bessel function, which is equivalent to the Bessel function evaluated for imaginary arguments. Takes the form =BESSELI(x, n), where x is the value at which to evaluate the function, and n is the order of the Bessel function.

BESSELJ

Returns the Bessel function using the form =BESSELJ(x, n), where x is the value at which to evaluate the function, and n is the order of the Bessel function.

BESSELK

Returns the modified Bessel function, which is equivalent to the Bessel function evaluated for imaginary arguments. Takes the form =BESSELK(x, n), where x is the value at which to evaluate the function, and n is the order of the Bessel function.

BESSELY

Returns the Bessel function (also called the Weber or Neumann function). Takes the form =BESSELY(x, n), where x is the value at which to evaluate the function, and n is the order of the function.

BETA.DIST

Returns the cumulative beta probability density function. Takes the form =BETA.DIST(x, alpha, beta, cumulative, A, B), where x is the value between A and B at which to evaluate the function, alpha is a parameter to the distribution, beta is a parameter to the distribution, A is an optional lower bound to the interval of x, and B is an optional upper bound to the interval of x. If cumulative is True, BETA.DIST returns the cumulative distribution function; otherwise it returns the probability density function. The old form of this function is BETADIST, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

BETA.INV

Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta probability density function. Takes the form =BETA.INV(probability, alpha, beta, A, B), where probability is a probability associated with the beta distribution. For additional argument descriptions, see BETA.DIST. The old form of this function is BETAINV, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

BIN2DEC

Converts a binary number to decimal. Takes the form =BIN2DEC(number), where number is the binary integer you want to convert.

BIN2HEX

Converts a binary number to hexadecimal. Takes the form =BIN2HEX(number, places), where number is the binary integer you want to convert, and places is the number of characters to use. Places is useful for padding the return value with leading zeros.

BIN2OCT

Converts a binary number to octal. Takes the form =BIN2DEC(number, places), where number is the binary integer you want to convert, and places is the number of characters to use. Places is useful for padding the return value with leading zeros.

BINOM.DIST

Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability. Takes the form =BINOM.DIST(number_s, trials, probability_s, cumulative), where number_s is the number of successes in trials, trials is the number of independent trials, probability_s is the probability of success on each trial, and cumulative is a logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, BINOM.DIST returns the probability that there are at most number_s successes; if cumulative is FALSE, BINOM.DIST returns the probability that there are number_s successes. The old form of this function is BINOMDIST, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

BINOM.INV

Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is greater than or equal to a criterion value. Takes the form =BINOM.INV(trials, probability_s, alpha), where trials is the number of Bernoulli trials, probability_s is the probability of a success on each trial, and alpha is the criterion value. The old form of this function is CRITBINOM, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

CEILING

Rounds a number to the nearest given multiple. Takes the form =CEILING(number, multiple), where number and multiple must be numeric and have the same sign. If they have different signs, Excel returns the #NUM! error value. See Using the Rounding Functions on page 542.

CEILING.PRECISE

Rounds a number up (regardless of its sign) to the nearest given multiple. Takes the form =CEILING(number, multiple), where number and multiple must be numeric and have the same sign. If they have different signs, Excel returns the #NUM! error value. See Using the Rounding Functions on page 542.

CELL

Returns information about the contents, location, or formatting of a cell. Takes the form =CELL(info_type, reference), where info_type specifies the type of information you want, and reference is the cell you want information about. The info_type argument can be any of the following: address, col (column #), color, contents, filename, format, parentheses, prefix, protect, row, type, or width. See Excel’s Help for a table of format codes returned.

CHAR

Returns the character that corresponds to an ASCII code number. Takes the form =CHAR(number), where number accepts ASCII codes with or without leading zeros. See Using Selected Text Functions on page 544.

CHISQ.DIST

Returns the chi-squared distribution. Takes the form =CHISQ.DIST(X, deg_freedom, cumulative), where X is the value at which you want to evaluate the distribution, and deg_freedom is the number of degrees of freedom. If cumulative is True, CHISQ.DIST returns the cumulative distribution function, otherwise it returns the probability density function. The old form of this function is CHIDIST, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

CHISQ.DIST.RT

Returns the right-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution. Takes the form =CHISQ.DIST.RT(X, deg_freedom), where X is the value at which you want to evaluate the distribution, and deg_freedom is the number of degrees of freedom. The old form of this function is CHIDIST, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

CHISQ.INV

Returns the inverse of the left-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution. Takes the form =CHISQ.INV(probability, deg_freedom), where probability is a probability associated with the chi-squared distribution, and deg_freedom is the number of degrees of freedom. The old form of this function is CHIINV, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

CHISQ.INV.RT

Returns the inverse of the right-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution. Takes the form =CHISQ.INV.RT(probability, deg_freedom), where probability is a probability associated with the chi-squared distribution, and deg_freedom is the number of degrees of freedom. The old form of this function is CHIINV, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

CHISQ.TEST

Returns the test for independence. Takes the form =CHISQ.TEST(actual_range, expected_range), where actual_range is the range of data that contains observations to test against expected values, and expected_range is the range of data that contains the ratio of the product of row totals and column totals to the grand total. The old form of this function is CHITEST, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

CHOOSE

Retrieves an item from a list of values. Takes the form =CHOOSE(index_num, value1, value2, …), where index_num is the position in the list of the item you want to look up, and the value arguments are the elements of the list, which can be values or cell references. Returns the value of the element of the list that occupies the position indicated by index_num. See Using Selected Lookup and Reference Functions on page 555.

CLEAN

Removes nonprintable characters such as tabs and program-specific codes from a string. Takes the form =CLEAN(text). See Using Selected Text Functions on page 544.

CODE

Returns the ASCII code number for the first character of its argument. Takes the form =CODE(text). See Using Selected Text Functions on page 544.

COLUMN

Returns the column number of the referenced cell or range. Takes the form =COLUMN(reference). If reference is omitted, the result is the column number of the cell containing the function. If reference is a range or a name and the function is entered as an array (by pressing Ctrl+Shift+Enter), the result is an array of the numbers of each of the columns in the range. See Using Selected Lookup and Reference Functions on page 555.

COLUMNS

Returns the number of columns in a reference or an array. Takes the form =COLUMNS(array), where array is an array constant, a range reference, or a range name. See Using Selected Lookup and Reference Functions on page 555.

COMBIN

Determines the number of possible group combinations that can be derived from a pool of items. Takes the form =COMBIN(number, number_chosen), where number is the total items in the pool, and number_chosen is the number of items you want in each group. See Using Selected Mathematical Functions on page 539.

COMPLEX

Converts real and imaginary coefficients into a complex number of the form x + yi or x + yj. Takes the form =COMPLEX(real_num, i_num, suffix), where real_num is the real coefficient of the complex number, i_num is the imaginary coefficient of the complex number, and suffix is the suffix for the imaginary component of the complex number. If omitted, suffix is assumed to be i.

CONCATENATE

Assembles larger strings from smaller strings. Takes the form =CONCATENATE(text1, text2, …), and accepts up to 30 arguments, which can be text, numbers, or cell references. Using the Substring Text Functions on page 547.

CONFIDENCE.NORM

Returns the confidence interval for a population mean using a normal distribution. Takes the form =CONFIDENCE.NORM(alpha, standard_dev, size), where alpha is the significance level used to compute the confidence level (an alpha of 0.1 indicates a 90 percent confidence level), standard_dev is the population standard deviation for the data range and is assumed to be known, and size is the sample size. The old form of this function is CONFIDENCE, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

CONFIDENCE.T

Returns the confidence interval for a population mean using a Student’s t distribution. Takes the form =CONFIDENCE.T(alpha, standard_dev, size), where alpha is the significance level used to compute the confidence level (an alpha of 0.1 indicates a 90 percent confidence level), standard_dev is the population standard deviation for the data range and is assumed to be known, and size is the sample size. The old form of this function is CONFIDENCE, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

CONVERT

Converts a number from one measurement system to another. Takes the form =CONVERT(number, from_unit, to_unit), where number is the value to convert, from_unit is the units for number, and to_unit is the units for the result. See Excel’s Help for a table of unit codes.

CORREL

Returns the correlation coefficient of the array1 and array2 cell ranges. Takes the form =CORREL(array1, array2), where arrays are ranges of cells containing values.

COS

Returns the cosine of an angle and is the complement of the SIN function. Takes the form =COS(number), where number is the angle in radians.

COSH

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number. Takes the form =COSH(number), where number is any real number.

COUNT

Tells you how many cells in a given range contain numbers, including dates and formulas that evaluate to numbers. Takes the form =COUNT(number1, number2, …), and accepts up to 30 arguments, ignoring text, error values, and logical values. See Using Built-In Statistical Functions on page 601.

COUNTA

Acts like COUNT except text and logical values are included in the calculation. See Using Built-In Statistical Functions on page 601.

COUNTBLANK

Counts empty cells in a specified range. Takes the form =COUNTBLANK(range). See Using Selected Lookup and Reference Functions on page 555.

COUNTIF

Counts only those cells that match specified criteria. Takes the form =COUNTIF(range, criteria), where range is the range you want to test, and criteria is the logical test to be performed on each cell. See Using Built-In Statistical Functions on page 601.

COUNTIFS

Acts like COUNTIF but accepts multiple criteria, taking the form =COUNTIFS(range1, criteria1, range2, criteria2, …).

COUPDAYBS

Calculates the number of days from the beginning of the coupon period to the settlement date. Takes the form =COUPDAYBS(settlement, maturity, frequency, basis), where settlement is the day you pay for the security, maturity is the maturity date of the security, frequency is the number of coupon payments made per year (1 = annual, 2 = semiannual, 4 = quarterly), and basis is the day-count basis of the security (if 0 or omitted = 30/360, if 1 = actual/actual, if 2 = actual/360, if 3 = actual/365, if 4 = European 30/360). See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

COUPDAYS

Calculates the number of days in the coupon period that contains the settlement date. Takes the form =COUPDAYS(settlement, maturity, frequency, basis). See COUPDAYBS for argument definitions. See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

COUPDAYSNC

Calculates the number of days from the settlement date to the next coupon date. Takes the form =COUPDAYSNC(settlement, maturity, frequency, basis). See COUPDAYBS for argument definitions. See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

COUPNCD

Calculates the next coupon date after the settlement date. Takes the form =COUPNCD(settlement, maturity, frequency, basis). See COUPDAYBS for argument definitions. See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

COUPNUM

Calculates the number of coupons payable between the settlement date and the maturity date and rounds the result to the nearest whole coupon. Takes the form =COUPNUM(settlement, maturity, frequency, basis). See COUPDAYBS for argument definitions. See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

COUPPCD

Calculates the coupon date previous to the settlement date. Takes the form =COUPPCD(settlement, maturity, frequency, basis). See COUPDAYBS for argument definitions. See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

COVARIANCE.P

Returns population covariance, the average of the products of deviations for each data point pair in two data sets. Takes the form =COVARIANCE.P(array1, array2), where arrays are cell ranges containing integers. The old form of this function is COVAR, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

COVARIANCE.S

Returns sample covariance, the average of the products of deviations for each data point pair in two data sets. Takes the form =COVARIANCE.S(array1, array2), where the arrays are cell ranges containing integers. The old form of this function is COVAR, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

CRITBINOM

See BINOM.INV

CUBEKPIMEMBER

Returns a key performance indicator (KPI) property and the name of the KPI. Takes the form =CUBEKPIMEMBER(connection, kpi_name, kpi_property, caption), where connection is a text string indicating the name of the cube connection, kpi_name is the text name of the KPI, and kpi_property is the component of the KPI that is returned (one of KPIValue, KPIGoal, KPIStatus, KPITrend, KPIWeight, or KPICurrentTimeMemeber). This function is supported only when Excel is connected to a Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Analysis Services (or later) data source. Cube functions are used with online analytical processing (OLAP) databases, where data structures called cubes are used to draw multidimensional relationships among data sets.

CUBEMEMBER

Returns a member or tuple from the cube. Takes the form =CUBEMEMBER(connection, member_expression, caption), where connection is a text string indicating the name of the cube connection, member_expression is a text string of a multidimensional expression (MDX) that evaluates to a unique number in the cube, and caption is a text string to display in the cell instead of the defined caption from the cube. Cube functions are used with online analytical processing (OLAP) databases, where data structures called cubes are used to draw multidimensional relationships among data sets.

CUBEMEMBERPROPERTY

Returns the value of a member property from the cube. Takes the form =CUBEMEMBERPROPERTY(connection, member_expression, property), where connection is a text string indicating the name of the cube connection, member_expression is a text string of a multidimensional expression (MDX) that evaluates to a unique number in the cube, and property is a text string of the property name or a reference to a cell containing a property name. Cube functions are used with online analytical processing (OLAP) databases, where data structures called cubes are used to draw multidimensional relationships among data sets.

CUBERANKEDMEMBER

Returns the Nth (ranked) member in a set. Takes the form =CUBERANKEDMEMBER(connection, set_expression, rank, caption), where connection is a text string indicating the name of the cube connection; set_expression is a text string indicating a set expression, the CUBESET function, or a reference to a cell containing the CUBESET function; rank is an integer specifying the top value to return (1 = top value, 2 = second value, and so on); and caption is a text string to be displayed in the cell instead of the caption supplied by the cube. Cube functions are used with online analytical processing (OLAP) databases, where data structures called cubes are used to draw multidimensional relationships among data sets.

CUBESET

Returns a calculated set of members or tuples from the cube database. Takes the form =CUBESET(connection, set_expression, caption, sort_order, sort_by), where connection is a text string indicating the name of the cube connection, set_expression is a text string that returns a set of members or is a reference to a cell range containing a set of members or tuples, caption is a text string to be displayed in the cell instead of the caption supplied by the cube, sort_by is a text string indicating the value in the set by which you want to sort the results, and sort_order is a number specifying the type of sort (0 = none, 1 = ascending, 2 = descending, 3 = alpha ascending, 4 = alpha descending, 5 = natural ascending, and 6 = natural descending). Cube functions are used with online analytical processing (OLAP) databases, where data structures called cubes are used to draw multidimensional relationships among data sets.

CUBESETCOUNT

Returns the number of items in a set. Takes the form =CUBESETCOUNT(set), where set is a text string of an expression that evaluates to a set defined by the CUBESET function, the CUBESET function itself, or a reference to a cell containing a CUBESET function. Cube functions are used with online analytical processing (OLAP) databases, where data structures called cubes are used to draw multidimensional relationships among data sets.

CUBEVALUE

Returns an aggregated value from a cube. Takes the form =CUBEVALUE(connection, member_expression1, member_expression2, …), where connection is a text string indicating the name of the cube connection, and member_expression is a text string of a multidimensional expression (MDX) that evaluates to a unique number in the cube. Cube functions are used with online analytical processing (OLAP) databases, where data structures called cubes are used to draw multidimensional relationships among data sets.

CUMIPMT

Returns the cumulative interest paid on a loan between start_period and end_period. Takes the form =CUMIPMT(rate, nper, pv, start_period, end_period, type), where rate is the interest rate, nper is the total number of payment periods, pv is the present value, and start_period is the first period in the calculation. Payment periods are numbered beginning with 1; end_period is the last period in the calculation, and type is the timing of the payment.

CUMPRINC

Returns the cumulative principal paid on a loan between start_period and end_period. Takes the form =CUMPRINC(rate, nper, pv, start_period, end_period, type). For argument descriptions, see CUMIPMT.

DATE

Returns the serial number that represents a particular date. Takes the form =DATE(year, month, day), where year can be one to four digits from 1 to 9999, month is a number representing the month of the year, and day is a number representing the day of the month.

DATEVALUE

Translates a date into a serial value. Takes the form =DATEVALUE(date_text), where date_text represents a date entered as text in quotation marks. See Working with Date and Time Functions on page 575.

DAVERAGE

Averages the values in a column in a table or database that match conditions you specify. Takes the form =DAVERAGE(database, field, criteria), where database is the range of cells that make up the table or database and the first row of the table contains labels for each column, field indicates which column is used in the function (by label name or by position), and criteria is the range of cells that contain the conditions you specify.

DAY

Returns the value of the day portion of a serial date/time value. Takes the form =DAY(serial_number), where serial_number can be a date value, a reference, or text in date format enclosed in quotation marks. See Working with Date and Time Functions on page 575.

DAYS360

Returns the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year (12 months of 30 days each), which is used in some accounting calculations. Takes the form =DAYS360(start_date, end_date, method), where start_date and end_date are the two dates between which you want to know the number of days, and method is a logical value that specifies whether to use the U.S. or European method in the calculation. If method is FALSE or omitted, the function uses the U.S. (NASD) method; if method is TRUE, the function uses the European method.

DB

Computes fixed declining balance depreciation for a particular period in the asset’s life. Takes the form =DB(cost, salvage, life, period, month), where cost is the initial asset cost, salvage is the remaining value after the asset is fully depreciated, life is the length of depreciation time, period is the individual period to be computed, and month is the number of months depreciated in the first year (if omitted, it is assumed to be 12). See Calculating Depreciation on page 588.

DCOUNT

Counts the cells that contain numbers in a column in a table or database that match conditions you specify. Takes the form =DCOUNT(database, field, criteria), where database is the range of cells that make up the table or database, field indicates which column is used in the function, and criteria is the range of cells that contain the conditions you specify.

DCOUNTA

Acts like DCOUNT, except it also includes cells containing text, logical values, and error values. See DCOUNT for arguments.

DDB

Computes double-declining balance depreciation. Takes the form =DDB(cost, salvage, life, period, factor), where cost is the initial asset cost, salvage is the remaining value after the asset is fully depreciated, life is the length of depreciation time, period is the individual period to be computed, and factor indicates the method used (2 or omitted indicates double-declining balance, and 3 indicates triple-declining balance). See Calculating Depreciation on page 588.

DEC2BIN

Converts a decimal number to binary. Takes the form =DEC2BIN(number, places), where number is the decimal integer you want to convert, and places is the number of characters to use. Places is useful for padding the return value with leading zeros.

DEC2HEX

Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal. Takes the same form and arguments as DEC2BIN.

DEC2OCT

Converts a decimal number to octal. Takes the same form and arguments as DEC2BIN.

DEGREES

Converts radians to degrees. Takes the form =DEGREES(angle), where angle represents an angle measured in radians.

DELTA

Tests whether two values are equal. Takes the form =DELTA(number1, number2), where number1 is the first number, and number2 is the second number (which, if omitted, is assumed to be zero). Returns 1 if number1 equals number2; otherwise, returns 0.

DEVSQ

Returns the sum of squares of deviations of data points from their sample mean. Takes the form =DEVSQ(number1, number2, …), where the numbers can be names, arrays, or references that resolve to numbers. Accepts up to 30 arguments.

DGET

Extracts a single value from a column in a table or database that matches conditions you specify. Takes the form =DGET(database, field, criteria), where database is the range of cells that make up the table or database, field indicates which column is used in the function, and criteria is the range of cells that contain the conditions you specify.

DISC

Calculates the discount rate for a security. Takes the form =DISC(settlement, maturity, price, redemption, basis), where settlement is the day you pay for the security, maturity is the maturity date of the security, price is the security’s price per $100 of face value, redemption is the value of the security at redemption, and basis is the day-count basis of the security (if 0 or omitted = 30/360, if 1 = actual/actual, if 2 = actual/360, if 3 = actual/365, if 4 = European 30/360). See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

DMAX

Returns the largest number in a column in a table or database that matches conditions you specify. Takes the form =DMAX(database, field, criteria), where database is a range that makes up the table or database, field indicates which column is used in the function, and criteria is the range of cells that contain the conditions you specify.

DMIN

Returns the smallest number in a column in a table or database that matches conditions you specify. Takes the same form and arguments as DMAX.

DOLLAR

Converts a number into a string formatted as currency with the specified number of decimal places. Takes the form =DOLLAR(number, decimals). If you omit decimals, the result is rounded to two decimal places. If you use a negative number for decimals, the result is rounded to the left of the decimal point. See Using Selected Text Functions on page 544.

DOLLARDE

Converts the familiar fractional pricing of securities to decimals. Takes the form =DOLLARDE(fractional dollar, fraction), where fractional dollar is the value you want to convert expressed as an integer followed by a decimal point and the numerator of the fraction you want, and fraction is an integer indicating the denominator to be used. See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

DOLLARFR

Converts a security price expressed in decimals to fractions. Takes the form =DOLLARFR(decimal dollar, fraction), where decimal dollar is the value you want to convert expressed as a decimal, and fraction is an integer indicating the denominator of the fraction you want. See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

DPRODUCT

Multiplies the values in a column in a table or database that match conditions you specify. Takes the form =DPRODUCT(database, field, criteria), where database is a range that makes up the table or database, field indicates which column is used in the function, and criteria is the range of cells that contain the conditions you specify.

DSTDEV

Estimates the standard deviation of a population based on a sample, using the numbers in a column in a table or database that match conditions you specify. Takes the same form and arguments as DPRODUCT.

DSTDEVP

Calculates the standard deviation of a population based on the entire population, using the numbers in a column in a table or database that match conditions you specify. Takes the same form and arguments as DPRODUCT.

DSUM

Adds the numbers in a column in a table or database that match conditions you specify. Takes the same form and arguments as DPRODUCT.

DURATION

Calculates the weighted average of the present value of a bond’s cash flows for a security whose interest payments are made on a periodic basis. Takes the form =DURATION(settlement, maturity, coupon, yield, frequency, basis), where settlement is the day you pay for the security, maturity is the maturity date of the security, coupon is the security’s annual coupon rate, yield is the annual yield of the security, frequency is the number of coupon payments made per year (1 = annual, 2 = semiannual, 4 = quarterly), and basis is the day-count basis of the security (if 0 or omitted = 30/360, if 1 = actual/actual, if 2 = actual/360, if 3 = actual/365, if 4 = European 30/360). See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

DVAR

Estimates the variance of a population based on a sample, using the numbers in a column in a table or database that match conditions you specify. Takes the form =DVAR(database, field, criteria), where database is the range of cells that make up the table or database, field indicates which column is used in the function, and criteria is the range of cells that contain the conditions you specify.

DVARP

Calculates the variance of a population based on the entire population, using the numbers in a column in a table or database that match conditions you specify. Takes the same form and arguments as DVAR.

EDATE

Returns the exact date that falls an indicated number of months before or after a given date. Takes the form =EDATE(start_date, months), where start_date is the date to calculate from, and months is the number of months before (negative) or after (positive) the start date. See Working with Specialized Date Functions on page 578.

EFFECT

Returns the effective interest rate. Takes the form =EFFECT(nominal_rate, npery), where nominal_rate is the annual interest rate, and npery is the number of annual compounding periods.

EOMONTH

Returns a date that falls on the last day of the month an indicated number of months before or after a given date. Takes the form =EOMONTH(start_date, months), where start_date is the date to calculate from, and months is the number of months before (negative) or after (positive) the start date. See Working with Specialized Date Functions on page 578.

ERF

Returns the error function integrated between lower_limit and upper_limit. Takes the form =ERF(lower_limit, upper_limit), where lower_limit is the lower bound, and upper_limit is the upper bound. If upper_limit is omitted, ERF integrates between zero and lower_limit.

ERF.PRECISE

Returns the error function. Takes the form =ERF.PRECISE(x), where x is the lower bound.

ERFC

Returns the complementary ERF function integrated between x and infinity. Takes the form =ERFC(x), where x is the lower bound for integrating ERF.

ERFC.PRECISE

Returns the precise complementary ERF function integrated between x and infinity. Takes the form =ERFC(x), where x is the lower bound for integrating ERF.

ERROR.TYPE

Detects the type of error value in a referenced cell. Takes the form =ERROR.TYPE(error_val), and returns a code designating the type of error value in the referenced cell: 1 (#NULL!), 2 (#DIV/0!), 3 (#VALUE!), 4 (#REF!), 5 (#NAME!), 6 (#NUM!), and 7 (#N/A). Any other value in the referenced cell returns the error value #N/A. See Using Selected Lookup and Reference Functions on page 555.

EUROCONVERT

Converts a number to euros—or converts any EU member currency to euros or any other member currency. Takes the form =EUROCONVERT(number, source, target, full_precision, triangulation_precision), where number is the value you want to convert, source is the ISO country code for the source currency, target is the ISO country code for the currency to which you want to convert, full_precision is a logical value that displays all significant digits when TRUE and uses a currency-specific rounding factor when FALSE, and triangulation_precision is an integer equal to or greater than 3 that specifies the number of significant digits to use when converting from one EU member currency to another. This function is installed with the Euro Currency Tools add-in. See Excel’s Help for tables of ISO codes and rounding factors.

EVEN

Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer. Takes the form =EVEN(number). Negative numbers are correspondingly rounded down. See Using the Rounding Functions on page 542.

EXACT

Determines whether two strings match exactly, including uppercase and lowercase letters but not including formatting differences. Takes the form =EXACT(text1, text2), where both arguments must be either literal strings enclosed in quotation marks or references to cells that contain text. See Using Selected Text Functions on page 544.

EXP

Computes the value of the constant e (approx. 2.71828183) raised to the power specified by its argument. Takes the form =EXP(number). The EXP function is the inverse of the LN function.

EXPON.DIST

Returns exponential distribution. Takes the form =EXPON.DIST(x, lambda, cumulative), where x is the value of the function, lambda is the parameter value, and cumulative is a logical value that indicates which form of the exponential function to provide. (If cumulative is TRUE, EXPON.DIST returns the cumulative distribution function; if cumulative is FALSE, it returns the probability density function.) The old form of this function is EXPONDIST, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

FACT

Returns the factorial of a number. Takes the form =FACT(number), where number is a positive integer.

FACTDOUBLE

Returns the double factorial of a number. Takes the form =FACT(number), where number is a positive integer.

FALSE

Represents an alternative for the logical condition FALSE. The FALSE function accepts no arguments and takes the form =FALSE(). See Using Selected Logical Functions on page 550.

F.DIST

Returns the F probability distribution. Takes the form =F.DIST(x, deg_freedom1, deg_freedom2, cumulative), where x is the value at which to evaluate the function, deg_freedom1 is the numerator degrees of freedom, and deg_freedom2 is the denominator. If cumulative is TRUE, F.DIST returns the cumulative distribution function; otherwise, it returns the probability density function. The old form of this function is FDIST, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

F.DIST.RT

Returns the right-tailed F probability distribution. Takes the form =F.DIST.RT(x, degrees_freedom1, degrees_freedom2), where x is the value at which to evaluate the function, degrees_freedom1 is the numerator degrees of freedom, and degrees_freedom2 is the denominator. The old form of this function is FDIST, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

FIND

Returns the position of specified text within a string. Takes the form =FIND(find_text, within_text, start_num), where find_text is the text you want to find (case sensitive), and within_text indicates where to look. Both arguments accept either literal text enclosed in quotation marks or cell references. The optional start_num specifies the character position in within_text where you want to begin the search. You get a #VALUE! error value if find_text isn’t contained in within_text, if start_num isn’t greater than zero, or if start_num is greater than the number of characters in within_text or greater than the position of the last occurrence of find_text. See Using the Substring Text Functions on page 547.

FINDB

Returns the position of specified text within a string based on the number of bytes each character uses from the first character of within_text. Takes the form =FINDB(find_text, within_text, start_num), and takes the same arguments as FIND. This function is for use with double-byte characters.

F.INV

Returns the inverse of the F probability distribution. Takes the form =F.INV(probability, deg_freedom1, deg_freedom2), where probability is a probability associated with the F cumulative distribution, degrees_freedom1 is the numerator degrees of freedom, and degrees_freedom2 is the denominator degrees of freedom. The old form of this function is FINV, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

F.INV.RT

Returns the inverse of the right-tailed F probability distribution. Takes the form =F.INV.RT(probability, deg_freedom1, deg_freedom2), where probability is a probability associated with the F cumulative distribution, degrees_freedom1 is the numerator degrees of freedom, and degrees_freedom2 is the denominator degrees of freedom. The old form of this function is FINV, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

FISHER

Returns the Fisher transformation at x. Takes the form =FISHER(x), where x is a value between –1 and 1 (not inclusive).

FISHERINV

Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation. Takes the form =FISHERINV(y), where y is any numeric value.

FIXED

Rounds a number to the specified number of decimals, formats the number in decimal format using a period and commas, and returns the result as text. Takes the form =FIXED(number, decimals, no_commas), where number is the number you want to round and convert to text, decimals is the number of digits to the right of the decimal point (2 if omitted), and no_commas is a logical value (if TRUE, prevents commas; if FALSE or omitted, includes commas).

FLOOR

Rounds a number down to the nearest given multiple. Takes the form =FLOOR(number, significance), where number and significance must be numeric and have the same sign. If they have different signs, Excel returns the #NUM! error value. See Using the Rounding Functions on page 542.

FLOOR.PRECISE

Rounds a number down (regardless of its sign) to the nearest integer or multiple of significance. Takes the form =FLOOR(number, significance), where the number and (optional) significance arguments must be numeric and have the same sign. If they have different signs, Excel returns the #NUM! error value. See Using the Rounding Functions on page 542.

FORECAST

Returns a single point along a trend line. Takes the form =FORECAST(x, known_y’s, known_x’s). For arguments and usage details, see The FORECAST Function on page 615.

FREQUENCY

Returns the number of times that values occur within a population. Takes the form =FREQUENCY(data_array, bins_array). For usage and argument details, see Analyzing Distribution with the FREQUENCY Function on page 622.

F.TEST

Returns the result of an F-test, the one-tailed probability that the variances in array1 and array2 are not significantly different. Takes the form =F.TEST(array1, array2). The old form of this function is FTEST, which is still supported for compatibility.

FV

Computes the value at a future date of an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate. Takes the form =FV(rate, nper, payment, pv, type), where rate is the interest rate, nper is the term (periods) of the investment, payment is the amount of each periodic payment when individual amounts are the same, pv is the investment value today, and type indicates when payments are made (0 or omitted = at end of period, 1 = at beginning of period). See Calculating Investments on page 581.

FVSCHEDULE

Returns the future value of an initial principal after applying a series of variable compound interest rates. Takes the form =FVSCHEDULE(principal, schedule), where principal is the present value, and schedule is an array of interest rates to apply.

GAMMA.DIST

Returns the gamma distribution. Takes the form =GAMMA.DIST(x, alpha, beta, cumulative), where x is the value at which you want to evaluate the distribution; alpha is a parameter to the distribution and beta is a parameter to the distribution. If cumulative is TRUE, GAMMA.DIST returns the cumulative distribution function; otherwise, it returns the probability density function. The old form of this function is GAMMADIST, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

GAMMA.INV

Returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution. Takes the form =GAMMA.INV(probability, alpha, beta), where probability is the probability associated with the gamma distribution, alpha is a parameter to the distribution, and beta is a parameter to the distribution. The old form of this function is GAMMAINV, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

GAMMALN

Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function. Takes the form =GAMMALN(x), where x is a positive value.

GCD

Returns the greatest common divisor of two or more integers (the largest integer that divides both number1 and number2 without a remainder). Takes the form =GCD(number1, number2, …), where the numbers are 1 to 30 positive integer values.

GEOMEAN

Returns the geometric mean of an array or range of positive data. Takes the form =GEOMEAN(number1, number2, …), where the numbers are 1 to 30 positive integer values.

GESTEP

Returns 1 if number is greater than or equal to step; otherwise, returns 0 (zero). Takes the form =GESTEP(number, step), where number is the value to test against step, and step is the threshold value (zero if omitted).

GETPIVOTDATA

Returns data stored in a PivotTable report. Takes the form =GETPIVOTDATA(data_field, pivot_table, field1, item1, field2, item2, …), where data_field is the name, in quotation marks, for the data field that contains the data you want retrieved; pivot_table is a reference to a cell in the PivotTable report that contains the data you want to retrieve; and fieldx and itemx are 1 to 14 pairs of field names and item names that describe the data you want to retrieve.

GROWTH

Returns values of points that lie along an exponential growth trend line. Takes the form =GROWTH(known_y’s, known_x’s, new_x’s, const). For arguments and usage details, see The GROWTH Function on page 616.

HARMEAN

Returns the harmonic mean of a data set. Takes the form =HARMEAN(number1, number2, …), where the numbers are 1 to 30 positive values.

HEX2BIN

Converts a hexadecimal number to binary. Takes the form =HEX2BIN(number, places), where number is the hexadecimal number you want to convert, and places is the number of characters to use (useful for padding the return value with leading zeros).

HEX2DEC

Converts a hexadecimal number to decimal. Takes the form =HEX2DEC(number), where number is the hexadecimal number you want to convert.

HEX2OCT

Converts a hexadecimal number to octal. Takes the form =HEX2OCT(number, places), where number is the hexadecimal number you want to convert, and places is the number of characters to use (useful for padding the return value with leading zeros).

HLOOKUP

Looks for a specified value in the top row in a table, and returns the value in the same column and a specified row. Takes the form =HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num, range_lookup), where lookup_value is the value to look for; table_array is the range containing the lookup and result values sorted in alphabetical order by the top row; row_index_num is the row number containing the value you want to find; and range_lookup is a logical value, which, if FALSE, forces an exact match. See Using Selected Lookup and Reference Functions on page 555.

HOUR

Returns the hour portion of a serial date/time value. Takes the form =HOUR(serial_number), where serial_number can be a time/date value, a reference, or text in time/date format enclosed in quotation marks. See Working with Date and Time Functions on page 575.

HYPERLINK

Creates a shortcut or jump that opens a document stored on a network server, an intranet, or the Internet. When you click the cell that contains the HYPERLINK function, Excel opens the file stored at link_location. Takes the form =HYPERLINK(link_location, friendly_name), where link_location is the path and file name to the document to be opened, and friendly_name is the jump text or numeric value that is displayed in the cell.

HYPGEOM.DIST

Returns the hypergeometric distribution (the probability of a given number of sample successes, given the size of the sample and population and the number of population successes). Takes the form =HYPGEOM.DIST(sample_s, number_sample, population_s, number_pop, cumulative), where sample_s is the number of successes in the sample, number_sample is the size of the sample, population_s is the number of successes in the population, and number_pop is the population size. If cumulative is TRUE, HYPGEOM.DIST returns the cumulative distribution function; otherwise, it returns the probability density function. The old form of this function is HYPGEOMDIST, which is still supported as a Compatibility Function.

IF

Returns values based on supplied conditional tests. Takes the form =IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false). You can nest up to seven additional functions within an IF function. If you use text arguments, the match must be exact except for case. See Using Selected Logical Functions on page 550.

IFERROR

Returns a specified value when a formula evaluates to an error. Takes the form =IFERROR(value, value_if_error), where value refers to the formula you want to check, and value_if_error is the value you want to display if value returns an error.

IMABS

Returns the absolute value (modulus) of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMABS(inumber), where inumber is a complex number for which you want the absolute value.

IMAGINARY

Returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMAGINARY(inumber), where inumber is a complex number for which you want the imaginary coefficient.

IMARGUMENT

Returns the argument theta, an angle expressed in radians. Takes the form =IMARGUMENT(inumber), where inumber is a complex number for which you want the argument theta.

IMCONJUGATE

Returns the complex conjugate of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMCONJUGATE(inumber), where inumber is a complex number for which you want the conjugate.

IMCOS

Returns the cosine of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMCOS(inumber), where inumber is a complex number for which you want the cosine.

IMDIV

Returns the quotient of two complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMDIV(inumber1, inumber2), where inumber1 is the complex numerator or dividend, and inumber2 is the complex denominator or divisor.

IMEXP

Returns the exponential of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMEXP(inumber), where inumber is a complex number for which you want the exponential.

IMLN

Returns the natural logarithm of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMLN(inumber), where inumber is a complex number for which you want the natural logarithm.

IMLOG10

Returns the common logarithm (base 10) of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMLOG10(inumber), where inumber is a complex number for which you want the common logarithm.

IMLOG2

Returns the base-2 logarithm of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMLOG2(inumber), where inumber is a complex number for which you want the base-2 logarithm.

IMPOWER

Returns a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format raised to a power. Takes the form =IMPOWER(inumber, number), where inumber is a complex number you want to raise to a power, and number is the power to which you want to raise the complex number.

IMPRODUCT

Returns the product of 2 to 29 complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMPRODUCT(inumber1, inumber2, …). The inumbers are 1 to 29 complex numbers to multiply.

IMREAL

Returns the real coefficient of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMREAL(inumber), where inumber is a complex number for which you want the real coefficient.

IMSIN

Returns the sine of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMSIN(inumber), where inumber is a complex number for which you want the sine.

IMSQRT

Returns the square root of a complex number in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMSQRT(inumber), where inumber is a complex number for which you want the square root.

IMSUB

Returns the difference of two complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMSUB(inumber1, inumber2), where inumber1 is the complex number from which to subtract inumber2, and inumber2 is the complex number to subtract from inumber1.

IMSUM

Returns the sum of two or more complex numbers in x + yi or x + yj text format. Takes the form =IMSUM(inumber1, inumber2, …), where the inumbers are 1 to 29 complex numbers to add.

INDEX

Returns a value or values, or a reference to a cell or range, using one of two forms: array: =INDEX(array, row_num, column_num) or reference: =INDEX(reference, row_num, column_num, area_num). The array form works only with array arguments and returns the resulting values located at the intersection of row_num and column_num. The reference form returns a cell address using similar arguments, where reference can be one or more ranges (areas), and area_num is needed only if more than one area is included in reference. See Using Selected Lookup and Reference Functions on page 555.

INDIRECT

Returns the contents of a cell using its reference. Takes the form =INDIRECT(ref_text, a1), where ref_text is a reference or a name, and a1 is a logical value indicating the type of reference used in ref_text (FALSE indicates R1C1 format, and TRUE or omitted indicates A1 format). See Using Selected Lookup and Reference Functions on page 555.

INFO

Returns information about the current operating environment. Takes the form =INFO(type_text), where type_text is text specifying what type of information you want returned. Information types include directory, memavail, memused, numfile, origin, osversion, recalc, release, system, and totmem. See Excel’s Help for more information.

INT

Rounds numbers down to the nearest integer. Takes the form =INT(number). When number is negative, INT also rounds that number down to the nearest integer. See Using the Rounding Functions on page 542.

INTERCEPT

Calculates the point at which a line intersects the y-axis by using existing x-values and y-values. Takes the form =INTERCEPT(known_y’s, known_x’s), where known_y’s is the dependent set of observations or data, and known_x’s is the independent set of observations or data.

INTRATE

Calculates the rate of interest (discount rate) for a fully invested security. Takes the form =INTRATE(settlement, maturity, investment, redemption, basis), where settlement is the day you pay for the security, maturity is the maturity date of the security, investment is the amount invested in the security, redemption is the amount to be received at maturity, and basis is the day-count basis of the security (if 0 or omitted = 30/360, if 1 = actual/actual; if 2 = actual/360, if 3 = actual/365; if 4 = European 30/360). See Analyzing Securities on page 591.

IPMT

Computes the interest portion of an individual payment made to repay an amount over a specified time period with constant periodic payments and a constant interest rate. Takes the form =IPMT(rate, period, nper, pv, fv, type), where rate is the interest rate, period is the number of an individual periodic payment, nper is the term (periods) of the investment, pv is the investment value today, fv is the investment value at the end of the term, and type indicates when payments are made (0 or omitted = at end of period, 1 = at beginning of period). See Calculating Investments on page 581.

IRR

Returns the rate that causes the present value of the inflows from an investment to exactly equal the cost of the investment. Takes the form =IRR(values, guess), where values is an array or a reference to a range of cells that contain numbers beginning with the cost expressed as a negative value, and guess is an approximate interest rate (10 percent if omitted). See Calculating Investments on page 581.

ISBLANK

Returns TRUE if the referenced cell is empty; otherwise, returns FALSE. Uses the form =ISBLANK(value). See Using the IS Information Functions on page 553.

ISERR

Returns TRUE if the value contains any error value except #N/A; otherwise, returns FALSE. Uses the form =ISERR(value). See Using the IS Information Functions on page 553.

ISERROR

Returns TRUE if the value contains any error value (including #N/A); otherwise, returns FALSE. Uses the form =ISERROR(value). See Using the IS Information Functions on page 553.

ISEVEN

Returns TRUE if the value is an even number; otherwise, returns FALSE. Uses the form =ISEVEN(value). See Using the IS Information Functions on page 553.

ISLOGICAL

Returns TRUE if the value is a logical value; otherwise, returns FALSE. Uses the form =ISLOGICAL(value). See Using the IS Information Functions on page 553.

ISNA

Returns TRUE if the value is the #N/A error value; otherwise, returns FALSE. Uses the form =ISNA(value). See Using the IS Information Functions on page 553.

ISNONTEXT

Returns TRUE if the value is not text; otherwise, returns FALSE. Uses the form =ISNONTEXT(value). See Using the IS Information Functions on page 553.

ISNUMBER

Returns TRUE if the value is a number; otherwise, returns FALSE. Uses the form =ISNUMBER(value). See Using the IS Information Functions on page 553.

ISODD

Returns TRUE if the value is an odd number; otherwise, returns FALSE. Uses the form =ISODD(value). See Using the IS Information Functions on page 553.

ISPMT

Calculates the interest paid during a specific period of an investment. Provided for Lotus 1-2-3 compatibility and takes the form =ISPMT(rate, per, nper, pv), where rate is the interest rate for the investment, per is the period for which you want to find the interest, nper is the total number of payment periods for the investment, and pv is the present value of the investment (or the loan amount).

ISREF

Returns TRUE if the value is a reference; otherwise, returns FALSE. Uses the form =ISREF(value). See Using the IS Information Functions on page 553.

ISTEXT

Returns TRUE if the value is text; otherwise, returns FALSE. Uses the form =ISTEXT(value). See Using the IS Information Functions on page 553.

JIS

Changes text in single-byte character set languages to double-byte characters. Takes the form =JIS(text), where text is either text or a reference to a cell containing text. Has no effect on double-byte characters.

KURT

Returns the kurtosis of a data set (characterizes the relative “peakedness” or flatness of a distribution compared with the normal distribution). Takes the form =KURT(number1, number2, …), and accepts up to 30 numeric arguments.