Positive and Negative Space
THE YIN AND YANG OF GOOD COMPOSITION
The interplay of positive and negative space in a work of art is an important dynamic often brushed aside by beginners. Paying close attention to how they work together to influence the shape, balance, and energy of the work can help you improve and refine your compositions.
Positive space is the area in your work occupied by the subject, whereas negative space refers to the area between and around the subject. Think of negative space as a support system for your positive space; it should not take attention away from the positive space but instead should complement it. For example, negative space can echo the shapes of the subject to create rhythm within the work.
Sometimes a beginner’s tendency is to fill a picture plane with as much subject matter as possible, cramming the scene with forms and utilizing every inch of empty space. However, the eye relies on areas of inactivity to rest and digest the scene as a whole. Many artists suggest aiming for a balance of positive and negative space, as too much of one can create a sense of excessive “fullness” or “emptiness.” Others argue that using equal parts of positive and negative space creates confusion; the eye doesn’t know where to focus. So, what to do? My advice is to let either the positive or negative space subtly dominate the composition. Play with ratios until you feel the dynamic best communicates your message. —ETG
SEE FOR YOURSELF!
In Jeremiah Mourning Over the Destruction of Jerusalem (page 342), Rembrandt uses plenty of negative space—the area around the figure—to emphasize Jeremiah’s isolation.