1. L. Du and Y. Takeo, “Automation’s Bleeding Edge,” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 12, 2018, pp. 3–-33.

2. B. Mullin, “L.A. Times Chief Plots Change,” Wall Street Journal, October 25, 2017, p. B5.

3. R. Winslow, “Mayo’s Tricky Task: Revamp What Works,” Wall Street Journal, June 3–4, 2017, pp. A1+.

4. S. Carey, “Southwest Pushes System Upgrade,” Wall Street Journal, May 10, 2017, p. B3; and N. Ungerleider, “Southwest Airlines’ Digital Transformation Takes Off,” Fast Company Online, March 27, 2017.

5. K. Grzbowska, “The Social Aspect of Introducing Changes into the Organization,” International Journals of Human Resources Development and Management, February 2, 2007, p. 67; and I. M. Jawahar and G. L. McLaughlin, “Toward a Descriptive Stakeholder Theory: An Organizational Life Cycle Approach,” Academy of Management Review, July 2001, pp. 397–415.

6. E. Shannon, “Agent of Change,” Time, March 4, 2002, p. 17; B. Kenney, “SLA Head Shaffer Resigns Abruptly: Did ‘Change Agent’ Move Too Fast in Aggressive Restructuring?” Library Journal, March 15, 2002, pp. 17–19; and T. Mudd, “Rescue Mission,” Industry Week, May 1, 2000, pp. 30–37.

7. The idea for these metaphors came from P. Vaill, Managing as a Performing Art: New Ideas for a World of Chaotic Change (San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1989).

8. K. Lewin, Field Theory in Social Science (New York: Harper & Row, 1951).

9. R. E. Levasseur, “People Skills: Change Management Tools—Lewin’s Change Model,” Interfaces, August 2001, pp. 71–74.

10. L. S. Lüscher and M. W. Lewis, “Organizational Change and Managerial Sensemaking: Working through Paradox,” Academy of Management Journal, April 2008, pp. 221–40; F. Buckley and K. Monks, “Responding to Managers’ Learning Needs in an Edge-of-Chaos Environment: Insights from Ireland,” Journal of Management, April 2008, pp. 146–63; and G. Hamel, “Take It Higher,” Fortune, February 5, 2001, pp. 169–70.

11. D. Lieberman, “Nielsen Media Has Cool Head at the Top,” USA Today, March 27, 2006, p. 3B.

12. Classic Concepts in Today’s Workplace box based on D. A. Wren and A. G. Bedeian, The Evolution of Management Thought, 6th ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2009); “Biography and Quotes of Kurt Lewin,” About.com, psychology.about.com (July 15, 2009); and K. T. Lewin, “The Dynamics of Group Action,” Educational Leadership, January 1944, pp. 195–200.

13. L. Freifeld, “Paddle to Collaborate,” Training, November–December 2010, p. 6.

14. S. Hicks, “What Is Organization Development?” Training and Development, August 2000, p. 65; and H. Hornstein, “Organizational Development and Change Management: Don’t Throw the Baby Out with the Bath Water,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, June 2001, pp. 223–27.

15. J. Wolfram and S. Minahan, “A New Metaphor for Organization Development,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, June 2006, pp. 227–43.

16. See, for instance, H. B. Jones, “Magic, Meaning, and Leadership: Weber’s Model and the Empirical Literature,” Human Relations, June 2001, p. 753.

17. G. Akin and I. Palmer, “Putting Metaphors to Work for a Change in Organizations,” Organizational Dynamics, Winter 2000, 67–79.

18. J. Grieves, “Skills, Values or Impression Management: Organizational Change and the Social Processes of Leadership, Change Agent Practice, and Process Consultation,” Journal of Management Development, May 2000, p. 407.

19. M. McMaster, “Team Building Tips,” Sales & Marketing Management, January 2002, 140; and “How To: Executive Team Building,” Training and Development, January 2002, p. 16.

20. S. Shinn, “Stairway to Reinvention,” BizEd, January–February 2010, p. 6; M. Scott, “A Stairway to Marketing Heaven,” BusinessWeek, November 2, 2009, p. 17; and The Fun Theory, http://thefuntheory.com, November 10, 2009.

21. See, for example, J. Robison and D. Jones, “Overcoming the Fear of Change,” Gallup Management Journal Online, January 7, 2011; J. D. Ford, L. W. Ford, and A. D’Amelio, “Resistance to Change: The Rest of the Story,” Academy of Management Review, April 2008, pp. 362–77; A. Deutschman, “Making Change: Why Is It So Hard to Change Our Ways?” Fast Company, May 2005, pp. 52–62; S. B. Silverman, C. E. Pogson, and A. B. Cober, “When Employees at Work Don’t Get It: A Model for Enhancing Individual Employee Change in Response to Performance Feedback,” Academy of Management Executive, May 2005, pp. 135–47; C. E. Cunningham, C. A. Woodward, H. S. Shannon, J. MacIntosh, B. Lendrum, D. Rosenbloom, and J. Brown, “Readiness for Organizational Change: A Longitudinal Study of Workplace, Psychological and Behavioral Correlates,” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, December 2002, pp. 377–92; M. A. Korsgaard, H. J. Sapienza, and D. M. Schweiger, “Beaten before Begun: The Role of Procedural Justice in Planning Change,” Journal of Management 28, no. 4 (2002), pp. 497–516; R. Kegan and L. L. Lahey, “The Real Reason People Won’t Change,” Harvard Business Review, November 2001, pp. 85–92; S. K. Piderit, “Rethinking Resistance and Recognizing Ambivalence: A Multidimensional View of Attitudes Toward an Organizational Change,” Academy of Management Review, October 2000, pp. 783–94; C. R. Wanberg and J. T. Banas, “Predictors and Outcomes of Openness to Changes in a Reorganizing Workplace,” Journal of Applied Psychology, February 2000, pp. 132–42; A. A. Armenakis and A. G. Bedeian, “Organizational Change: A Review of Theory and Research in the 1990s,” Journal of Management 25, no. 3 (1999), pp. 293–315; and B. M. Staw, “Counterforces to Change,” in P.S. Goodman and Associates (eds.), Change in Organizations (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1982), pp. 87–121.

22. A. Reichers, J. P. Wanous, and J. T. Austin, “Understanding and Managing Cynicism about Organizational Change,” Academy of Management Executive, February 1997, pp. 48–57; P. Strebel, “Why Do Employees Resist Change?” Harvard Business Review, May–June 1996, pp. 86–92; and J. P. Kotter and L. A. Schlesinger, “Choosing Strategies for Change,” Harvard Business Review, March–April 1979, pp. 107–09.

23. D. Heath and C. Heath, “Passion Provokes Action,” Fast Company, February 2011, pp. 28–30.

24. S. D’Mello, “Stress: The Global Economic Downturn Has Taken Its Toll on Employees. What’s the Impact for Organizations?” A 2011/2012 Kenexa® High Performance Institute Worktrends™ Report, http://khpi.com/documents/KHPI-WorkTrends-Report-Stress, 2011/2012; and “Stress: By the Numbers,” AARP The Magazine, September/October 2011, p. 30.

25. Adapted from the UK National Work-Stress Network, www.workstress.net.

26. R. S. Schuler, “Definition and Conceptualization of Stress in Organizations,” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, April 1980, p. 191.

27. G. Nishiyama and J. Fujikawa, “Japan, Home of Overwork, Wants Employees to Stop,” Wall Street Journal, November 3, 2017, pp. A1+.

28. C. Coppel, “Learning, for When the Stress Ball Fails,” TD, September 2017, p. 18.

29. See, for example, “Stressed Out: Extreme Job Stress: Survivors’ Tales,” Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2001, p. B1.

30. See, for instance, S. Bates, “Expert: Don’t Overlook Employee Burnout,” HR Magazine, August 2003, p. 14.

31. H. Benson, “Are You Working Too Hard?” Harvard Business Review, November 2005, pp. 53–58; B. Cryer, R. McCraty, and D. Childre, “Pull the Plug on Stress,” Harvard Business Review, July 2003, pp. 102–07; C. Daniels, “The Last Taboo”; C. L. Cooper and S. Cartwright, “Healthy Mind, Healthy Organization—A Proactive Approach to Occupational Stress,” Human Relations, April 1994, pp. 455–71; C. A. Heaney et al., “Industrial Relations, Worksite Stress Reduction and Employee Well-Being: A Participatory Action Research Investigation,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, September 1993, pp. 495–510; C. D. Fisher, “Boredom at Work: A Neglected Concept,” Human Relations, March 1993, pp. 395–417; and S. E. Jackson, “Participation in Decision Making as a Strategy for Reducing Job-Related Strain,” Journal of Applied Psychology, February 1983, pp. 3–19. Fortune, October 28, 2002, pp. 137–144.

32. T. Barton, “Brave Face,” Employee Benefits, January 2011, p. 41; and “Employee Assistance Programs,” HR Magazine, May 2003, p. 143.

33. S. Barrett, “Employee Assistance Programs,” Employee Benefits, January 2011, pp. 49–52; “EAPs with the Most,” Managing Benefits Plans, March 2003, p. 8; and K. Tyler, “Helping Employees Cope with Grief,” HR Magazine, September 2003, pp. 55–58.

34. N. Faba, “The EAP Problem,” Benefits Canada, March 2011, p. 7; D. A. Masi, “Redefining the EAP Field,” Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, January–March 2011, pp. 1–9; R. M. Weiss, “Brinksmanship Redux: Employee Assistance Programs’ Precursors and Prospects,” Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal, December 2010, pp. 325–43; and F. Hansen, “Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) Grow and Expand Their Reach,” Compensation and Benefits Review, March–April 2000, p. 13.

35. A. Saha-Bubna and M. Jarzemsky, “MasterCard President Is Named CEO,” Wall Street Journal, April 13, 2010, p. C3; and S. Vandebook, “Quotable,” IndustryWeek, April 2010, p. 18.

36. R. M. Kanter, “Think Outside the Building,” Harvard Business Review, March 2010, p. 34; T. Brown, “Change By Design,” BusinessWeek, October 5, 2009, pp. 54–56; J. E. Perry-Smith and C. E. Shalley, “The Social Side of Creativity: A Static and Dynamic Social Network Perspective,” Academy of Management Review, January 2003, pp. 89–106; and P. K. Jagersma, “Innovate or Die: It’s Not Easy, but It Is Possible to Enhance Your Organization’s Ability to Innovate,” Journal of Business Strategy, January–February 2003, pp. 25–28.

37. “The World’s 50 Most Innovative Companies, 2018,” Fast Company, March/April 2018, pp. 20+.

38. These definitions are based on T. M. Amabile, Creativity in Context (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).

39. C. Salter, “Mattel Learns to ‘Throw the Bunny,’” Fast Company, November 2002, p. 22; and L. Bannon, “Think Tank in Toyland,” Wall Street Journal, June 6, 2002, pp. B1, B3.

40. C. Vogel and J. Cagan, Creating Breakthrough Products: Innovation from Product Planning to Program Approval (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002).

41. R. Tate, “Google Couldn’t Kill 20 Percent Time Even If It Wanted To,” wired.com, August 21, 2013; C. Mims, “Google Engineers Insist 20% Time Is Not Dead—It’s Just Turned into 120% Time,” qz.com, August 16, 2013; R. Neimi, “Inside the Moonshot Factory,” Bloomberg Businessweek, May 22, 2013, 5 pp. 6–61; and A. Foege, “The Trouble with Tinkering Time,” Wall Street Journal, January 19/20, 2013, p. C3.

42. R. W. Woodman, J. E. Sawyer, and R. W. Griffin, “Toward a Theory of Organizational Creativity,” Academy of Management Review, April 1993, pp. 293–321.

43. T. M. Egan, “Factors Influencing Individual Creativity in the Workplace: An Examination of Quantitative Empirical Research,” Advances in Developing Human Resources, May 2005, pp. 160–81; N. Madjar, G. R. Oldham, and M. G. Pratt, “There’s No Place Like Home? The Contributions of Work and Nonwork Creativity Support to Employees’ Creative Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, August 2002, pp. 757–67; T. M. Amabile, C. N. Hadley, and S. J. Kramer, “Creativity Under the Gun,” Harvard Business Review, August 2002, pp. 52–61; J. B. Sorensen and T. E. Stuart, “Aging, Obsolescence, and Organizational Innovation,” Administrative Science Quarterly, March 2000, pp. 81–112; G. R. Oldham and A. Cummings, “Employee Creativity: Personal and Contextual Factors at Work,” Academy of Management Journal, June 1996, pp. 607–34; and F. Damanpour, “Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Determinants and Moderators,” Academy of Management Journal, September 1991, pp. 555–90.

44. P. R. Monge, M. D. Cozzens, and N. S. Contractor, “Communication and Motivational Predictors of the Dynamics of Organizational Innovations,” Organization Science, May 1992, pp. 250–74.

45. Amabile, Hadley, and Kramer, “Creativity Under the Gun.”

46. Madjar, Oldham, and Pratt, “There’s No Place Like Home? The Contributions of Work and Nonwork Creativity Support to Employees’ Creative Performance.”

47. See, for instance, J. E. Perry-Smith, “Social Yet Creative: The Role of Social Relationships in Facilitating Individual Creativity,” Academy of Management Journal, February 2006, pp. 85–101; C. E. Shalley, J. Zhou, and G. R. Oldham, “The Effects of Personal and Contextual Characteristics on Creativity: Where Should We Go from Here?” Journal of Management 30, no. 6 (2004), pp. 933–58; Perry-Smith and Shalley, “The Social Side of Creativity: A Static and Dynamic Social Network Perspective”; J. M. George and J. Zhou, “When Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness Are Related to Creative Behavior: An Interactional Approach,” Journal of Applied Psychology, June 2001, pp. 513–24; J. Zhou, “Feedback Valence, Feedback Style, Task Autonomy, and Achievement Orientation: Interactive Effects on Creative Behavior,” Journal of Applied Psychology 83 (1998), pp. 261–76; T. M. Amabile, R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazenby, and M. Herron, “Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity,” Academy of Management Journal, October 1996, pp. 1154–84; S. G. Scott and R. A. Bruce, “Determinants of Innovative People: A Path Model of Individual Innovation in the Workplace,” Academy of Management Journal, June 1994, pp. 580–607; R. Moss Kanter, “When a Thousand Flowers Bloom: Structural, Collective, and Social Conditions for Innovation in Organization,” in B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 10 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1988), pp. 169–211; and Amabile, Creativity in Context.

48. J. McGregor, “The World’s Most Innovative Companies,” BusinessWeek, April 24, 2006, p. 70.

49. Ibid.

50. J. Ramos, “Producing Change That Lasts,” Across the Board, March 1994, pp. 29–33; T. Stjernberg and A. Philips, “Organizational Innovations in a Long-Term Perspective: Legitimacy and Souls-of-Fire as Critical Factors of Change and Viability,” Human Relations, October 1993, pp. 1193–2023; and J. M. Howell and C. A. Higgins, “Champions of Change,” Business Quarterly, Spring 1990, pp. 31–32.

51. J. Liedtka and T. Ogilvie, Designing for Growth: A Design Thinking Tool Kit for Managers (New York: Columbia Business School Press, 2011).

52. R. E. Silverman, “Companies Change Their Way of Thinking,” Wall Street Journal, June 7, 2012, p. B8; and R. L. Martin, “The Innovation Catalysts,” Harvard Business Review, June 2011, pp. 82–87.

53. B. Witz, “Manfred Fines Red Sox Over Stealing Signs and Issues Warning to All 30 Teams,” New York Times Online, September 15, 2017; J. Ward, S. Pecanha and S. Manchester, “How Red Sox Used Tech, Step by Step to Steal Signs From Yankees,” New York Times Online,Septempber 6, 2017; M. S. Schmidt, “Boston Red Sox Used Apple Watches to Steal Signs Against Yankees,” New York Times Online, September 5, 2017; and T. Kepner, “The Ancient Yankees-Red Sox Rivalry Gets a High-Tech Boost,” New York Times Online, September 5, 2017.

54. See C. M. Christensen, The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 1997); and “What Disruptive Innovation Means: The Economist Explains,” The Economist Online, www.economist.com, January 25, 2015.

55. C. M. Christensen, M. Raynor, and R. McDonald, “What Is Disruptive Innovation?,” Harvard Business Review, December 2015, pp. 44–53.

56. J. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper & Row), 1942.

57. “Keeping Pace with Change,” TD, October 2017, p. 17.

58. Based on J. E. Newman and T. A. Beehr, “Personal and Organizational Strategies for Handling Job Stress,” Personnel Psychology, Spring 1979, pp. 1–38; M. T. Matteson and J. M. Ivancevich, “Individual Stress Management Interventions: Evaluation of Techniques,” Journal of Management Psychology, January 1987, pp. 24–30; and K. M. Richardson and H. R. Rothstein, “Effects of Occupational Stress Management Intervention Programs: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, January 2008, pp. 69–93.

59. J. Ewing, “Engineering a Deception: What Led to Volkswagen’s Diesel Scandal,” New York Times Online, March 16, 2017.

60. “Innovation,” http://update.vw.com/innovation/index.html.

61. J. Ewing and G. Bowley, “The Engineering of Volkswagen’s Aggressive Ambition,” New York Times Online, December 13, 2015.

62. W. Boston, “VW Chief Contends With Scandal,” Wall Street Journal, September 13, 2017, p. B9.

63. W. Boston, “VW’s CEO Knows the Future Is Electric: His Company Isn’t So Sure,” Wall Street Journal Online, August 1, 2017.

64. M. Spector and M. Colias, “VW Manager Sentenced in Fraud,” Wall Street Journal, December 7, 2017, p. B2.

65. W. Boston, “Volkswagen Prepares to Replace CEO,” Wall Street Journal, April 11, 2018, pp. B1+.

66. W. Boston, “Volkswagen CEO Sets His Course,” Wall Street Journal, April 14-15, 2018, p. B4.

67. S. Ember, “Under Armour Is Swinging for the Stars,” New York Times Online, June 14, 2015; 2014 Annual Report, “Letter to the Shareholders,” http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/UARM/165448209x0x816471/3BEBC664-8584-4F22-AC0B-844CB2949814/UA_2014_Annual_Report.PDF, January 31, 2015; B. Horovitz, “In Search of Next Big Thing,” USA Today, July 9, 2012, pp. 1B+; Press Release, “Under Armour Reports Fourth Quarter Net Revenues Growth of 34% and Fourth Quarter EPS Growth of 40%,” investor.underarmour.com, January 26, 2012; D. Roberts, “Under Armour Gets Serious,” Fortune, November 7, 2011, pp. 153–62; E. Olson, “Under Armour Applies Its Muscle to Shoes,” New York Times Online, August 8, 2011; M. Townsend, “Under Armour’s Daring Half-Court Shot,” Bloomberg Businessweek, November 1–7, 2010, pp. 24–25; and E. Olson, “Under Armour Wants to Dress Athletic Young Women,” New York Times Online, August 31, 2010.

68. A. Prang, “Under Armour Steps Up Restructuring,” Wall Street Journal, February 14, 2018, p. B3; and C. Jones, “Under Armour to Cut Job in Bid to Regain Footing,” USA Today, August 2, 2017, p. 5B.

69. N. Bomey, “Under Armour Not Connecting with Female Customers,” USA Today-Springfield News-Leader, November 1, 2017, p. 3B.

70. Ibid.

71. M. Dalton, “Time Runs Out for Swiss Watch Industry,” Wall Street Journal, March 13, 2018, p. A8.

72. Ibid.

73. C. Gretier, “Swiss Watch Exports Are Booming, Thanks to Asia,” Bloomberg.com, February 20, 2018.

74. A. Adams, “How the Swiss Luxury Watch Industry Is Dismantling Business Operations in America,” Forbes Online, March 2, 2018.