1. J. Flint, Z. Vranica, and L. O-Reilly, “U.S. Soccer Trips Up Fox Sports,” Wall Street Journal, October 12, 2017, pp. B1+.

2. J. Zucker, “Proof in the Eating,” Fast Company, March 2013, pp. 34+.

3. A. Blackman, “Inside the Executive Brain,” Wall Street Journal, April 28, 2014, p. R1.

4. See, for example, A. Nagurney, J. Dong, and P. L. Mokhtarian, “Multicriteria Network Equilibrium Modeling with Variable Weights for Decision-Making in the Information Age with Applications to the Telecommuting and Teleshopping,” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, August 2002, pp. 1629–50.

5. J. Flinchbaugh, “Surfacing Problems Daily: Advice for Building a Problem-Solving Culture,” Industry Week, April 2011, p. 12; “Business Analysis Training Helps Leaders Achieve an Enterprise-Wide Perspective,” Leader to Leader, Fall 2010, pp. 63–65; D. Okes, “Common Problems with Basic Problem Solving,” Quality, September 2010, pp. 36–40; and J. Sawyer, “Problem-Solving Success Tips,” Business and Economic Review, April–June 2002, pp. 23–24.

6. See J. Figueira and B. Ray, “Determining the Weights of Criteria in the Electre Type of Methods with a Revised Simons’ Procedure,” European Journal of Operational Research, June 1, 2002, pp. 317–26.

7. For instance, see M. Elliott, “Breakthrough Thinking,” IIE Solution, October 2001, pp. 22–25; and B. Fazlollahi and R. Vahidov, “A Method for Generation of Alternatives by Decision Support Systems,” Journal of Management Information Systems, Fall 2001, pp. 229–50.

8. D. Miller, Q. Hope, R. Eisenstat, N. Foote, and J. Galbraith, “The Problem of Solutions: Balancing Clients and Capabilities,” Business Horizons, March–April 2002, pp. 3–12.

9. E. Teach, “Avoiding Decision Traps,” CFO, June 2004, pp. 97–99; and D. Kahneman and A. Tversky, “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases,” Science 185 (1974) pp. 1124–31.

10. Information for this section taken from S. P. Robbins, Decide & Conquer (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 2004).

11. T. A. Stewart, “Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?” Harvard Business Review, January 2006, p.12; and E. Pooley, “Editor’s Desk,” Fortune, June 27, 2005, p. 16.

12. J. G. March, “Decision-Making Perspective: Decisions in Organizations and Theories of Choice,” in A. H. Van de Ven and W. F. Joyce, eds., Perspectives on Organization Design and Behavior (New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1981), pp. 232–33.

13. See T. Shavit and A. M. Adam, “A Preliminary Exploration of the Effects of Rational Factors and Behavioral Biases on the Managerial Choice to Invest in Corporate Responsibility,” Managerial and Decision Economics, April 2011, pp. 205–13; A. Langley, “In Search of Rationality: The Purposes behind the Use of Formal Analysis in Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly, December 1989, pp. 598–631; and H. A. Simon, “Rationality in Psychology and Economics,” Journal of Business, October 1986, pp. 209–24.

14. See D. R. A. Skidd, “Revisiting Bounded Rationality,” Journal of Management Inquiry, December 1992, pp. 343–47; B. E. Kaufman, “A New Theory of Satisficing,” Journal of Behavioral Economics, Spring 1990, pp. 35–51; and N. McK. Agnew and J. L. Brown, “Bounded Rationality: Fallible Decisions in Unbounded Decision Space,” Behavioral Science, July 1986, pp. 148–61.

15. Classic Concepts in Today’s Workplace box based on M. Ibrahim, “Theory of Bounded Rationality,” Public Management, June 2009, pp. 3–5; D. A. Wren, The Evolution of Management Thought, 4th ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994), p. 291; and H. A. Simon, Administrative Behavior (New York: Macmillan Company, 1945).

16. See, for example, G. McNamara, H. Moon, and P. Bromiley, “Banking on Commitment: Intended and Unintended Consequences of an Organization’s Attempt to Attenuate Escalation of Commitment,” Academy of Management Journal, April 2002, pp. 443–52; V. S. Rao and A. Monk, “The Effects of Individual Differences and Anonymity on Commitment to Decisions,” Journal of Social Psychology, August 1999, pp. 496–515; C. F. Camerer and R. A. Weber, “The Econometrics and Behavioral Economics of Escalation of Commitment: A Re-examination of Staw’s Theory,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, May 1999, pp. 59–82; D. R. Bobocel and J. P. Meyer, “Escalating Commitment to a Failing Course of Action: Separating the Roles of Choice and Justification,” Journal of Applied Psychology, June 1994, pp. 360–63; and B. M. Staw, “The Escalation of Commitment to a Course of Action,” Academy of Management Review, October 1981, pp. 577–87.

17. L. Alderman, “A Shoemaker That Walks but Never Runs,” New York Times Online, October 8, 2010.

18. C. Flora, “When to Go with Your Gut,” Women’s Health, June 2009, pp. 68–70.

19. See E. Bernstein, “When to Go with Your Gut,” Wall Street Journal, October 10, 2017, p. A15; J. Evans, “Intuition and Reasoning: A Dual-Process Perspective,” Psychological Inquiry, October–December 2010, pp. 313–26; T. Betsch and A. Blockner, “Intuition in Judgment and Decision Making: Extensive Thinking without Effort,” Psychological Inquiry, October–December 2010, pp. 279–94; R. Lange and J. Houran, “A Transliminal View of Intuitions in the Workplace,” North American Journal of Psychology 12, no. 3 (2010), pp. 501–16; E. Dane and M. G. Pratt, “Exploring Intuition and Its Role in Managerial Decision Making,” Academy of Management Review, January 2007, pp. 33–54; M. H. Bazerman and D. Chugh, “Decisions without Blinders,” Harvard Business Review, January 2006, pp. 88–97; C. C. Miller and R. D. Ireland, “Intuition in Strategic Decision Making: Friend or Foe in the Fast-Paced 21st Century,” Academy of Management Executive, February 2005, pp. 19–30; E. Sadler-Smith and E. Shefy, “The Intuitive Executive: Understanding and Applying ‘Gut Feel’ in Decision-Making,” Academy of Management Executive, November 2004, pp. 76–91; and L. A. Burke and M. K. Miller, “Taking the Mystery Out of Intuitive Decision Making,” Academy of Management Executive, October 1999, pp. 91–99.

20. Miller and Ireland, “Intuition in Strategic Decision Making,” p. 20.

21. E. Sadler-Smith and E. Shefy, “Developing Intuitive Awareness in Management Education,” Academy of Management Learning & Education, June 2007, pp. 186–205.

22. M. G. Seo and L. Feldman Barrett, “Being Emotional during Decision Making—Good or Bad? An Empirical Investigation,” Academy of Management Journal, August 2007, pp. 923–40.

23. Managing Technology in Today’s Workplace box based on M. Xu, V. Ong, Y. Duan, and B. Mathews, “Intelligent Agent Systems for Executive Information Scanning, Filtering, and Interpretation: Perceptions and Challenges,” Information Processing & Management, March 2011, pp. 186–201; J. P. Kallunki, E. K. Laitinen, and H. Silvola, “Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems on Management Control Systems and Firm Performance,” International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, March 2011, pp. 20–39; H. W. K. Chia, C. L. Tan, and S. Y. Sung, “Enhancing Knowledge Discovery via Association-Based Evolution of Neural Logic Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, July 2006, pp. 889–901; F. Harvey, “A Key Role in Detecting Fraud Patterns: Neural Networks,” Financial Times, January 23, 2002, p. 3; D. Mitchell and R. Pavur, “Using Modular Neural Networks for Business Decisions,” Management Decision, January–February 2002, pp. 58–64; B. L. Killingsworth, M. B. Hayden, and R. Schellenberger, “A Network Expert System Management System of Multiple Domains,” Journal of Information Science, March–April 2001, p. 81; and S. Balakrishnan, N. Popplewell, and M. Thomlinson, “Intelligent Robotic Assembly,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, December 2000, p. 467.

24. “Next: Big Idea,” Fast Company, December 2010–January 2011, pp. 39–40.

25. H. McCracken, “50 Most Innovative Companies: LINE,” Fast Company, March 2015, pp. 84+.

26. A. Deutschman, “Inside the Mind of Jeff Bezos,” Fast Company, August 2004, pp. 50–58.

27. See, for instance, S. Schulz-Hardt, A. Mojzisch, F. C. Brodbeck, R. Kerschreiter, and D. Frey, “Group Decision Making in Hidden Profile Situations: Dissent as a Facilitator for Decision Quality,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, December 2006, pp. 1080–83; and C. K. W. DeDreu and M. A. West, “Minority Dissent and Team Innovation: The Importance of Participation in Decision Making,” Journal of Applied Psychology, December 2001, pp. 1191–1201.

28. S. Mohammed, “Toward an Understanding of Cognitive Consensus in a Group Decision-Making Context,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, December 2001, p. 408.

29. M. J. Fambrough and S. A. Comerford, “The Changing Epistemological Assumptions of Group Theory,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, September 2006, pp. 330–49.

30. R. A. Meyers, D. E. Brashers, and J. Hanner, “Majority-Minority Influence: Identifying Argumentative Patterns and Predicting Argument-Outcome Links,” Journal of Communication, Autumn 2000, pp. 3–30.

31. See, for instance, T. Horton, “Groupthink in the Boardroom,” Directors and Boards, Winter 2002, p. 9.

32. I. L. Janis, Groupthink (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982). See also J. Chapman, “Anxiety and Defective Decision Making: An Elaboration of the Groupthink Mode,” Management Decision, October 2006, pp. 1391–1404.

33. See, for example, T. W. Costello and S. S. Zalkind, eds., Psychology in Administration: A Research Orientation (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963), pp. 429–30; R. A. Cooke and J. A. Kernaghan, “Estimating the Difference between Group versus Individual Performance on Problem Solving Tasks,” Group and Organization Studies, September 1987, pp. 319–42; and L. K. Michaelsen, W. E. Watson, and R. H. Black, “A Realistic Test of Individual versus Group Consensus Decision Making,” Journal of Applied Psychology, October 1989, pp. 834–39. See also J. Hollenbeck, D. R. Ilgen, J. A. Colquitt, and A. Ellis, “Gender Composition, Situational Strength, and Team Decision-Making Accuracy: A Criterion Decomposition Approach,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, May 2002, pp. 445–75.

34. See, for example, L. K. Michaelsen, W. E. Watson, and R. H. Black, “A Realistic Test of Individual versus Group Consensus Decision Making,” Journal of Applied Psychology, October 1989, pp. 834–39; and P. W. Pease, M. Beiser, and M. E. Tubbs, “Framing Effects and Choice Shifts in Group Decision Making,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, October 1993, pp. 149–65.

35. M. Eltagouri, “‘We Have A Responsibility’: CVS Vows to Stop Altering Beauty Images in Its Ads and Stores,” Washington Post Online, January 16, 2018; and A. Bruell and S. Terlep, “CVS Vows to Stop Altering Beauty Images in Its Marketing,” Wall Street Journal Online, January 15, 2018.

36. J. Wagstaff, “Brainstorming Requires Drinks,” Far Eastern Economic Review, May 2, 2002, p. 34.

37. T. Kelley, “Six Ways to Kill a Brainstormer,” Across the Board, March–April 2002, p. 12.

38. H. Gregersen, “Better Brainstorming,” Harvard Business Review, March–April 2018, pp. 64–71.

39. K. L. Dowling and R. D. St. Louis, “Asynchronous Implementation of the Nominal Group Technique: Is It Effective,” Decision Support Systems, October 2000, pp. 229–48.

40. See also B. Andersen and T. Fagerhaug, “The Nominal Group Technique,” Quality Progress, February 2000, p. 144.

41. J. Burdett, “Changing Channels: Using the Electronic Meeting System to Increase Equity in Decision Making,” Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, Fall 2000, pp. 3–12.

42. “Fear of Flying,” Business Europe, October 3, 2001, p. 2.

43. “VC at Nestlé,” Business Europe, October 3, 2001, p. 3.

44. M. Roberti, “Meet Me on the Web,” Fortune: Tech Supplement, Winter 2002, p. 10.

45. See also, J. A. Hoxmeier and K. A. Kozar, “Electronic Meetings and Subsequent Meeting Behavior: Systems as Agents of Change,” Journal of Applied Management Studies, December 2000, pp. 177–95.

46. See, for instance, P. Berthon, L. F. Pitt, and M. T. Ewing, “Corollaries of the Collective: The Influence of Organizational Culture and Memory Development on Perceived Decision-Making Context,” Academy of Marketing Science Journal, Spring 2001, pp. 135–50.

47. J. de Haan, M. Yamamoto, and G. Lovink, “Production Planning in Japan: Rediscovering Lost Experiences or New Insights,” International Journal of Production Economics, May 6, 2001, pp. 101–09.

48. T. M. Amabile, “Motivating Creativity in Organizations,” California Management Review, Fall 1997, pp. 39–58.

49. D. Dunne and R. Martin, “Design Thinking and How It Will Change Management Education: An Interview and Discussion,” Academy of Management Learning & Education, December 2006, p. 512.

50. M. Korn and R. E. Silverman, “Forget B-School, D-School Is Hot,” Wall Street Journal, June 7, 2012, pp. B1+; R. Martin and J. Euchner, “Design Thinking,” Research Technology Management, May/June 2012, pp. 10–14; T. Larsen and T. Fisher, “Design Thinking: A Solution to Fracture-Critical Systems,” DMI News & Views, May 2012, p. 31; T. Berno, “Design Thinking versus Creative Intelligence,” DMI News & Views, May 2012, p. 28; J. Liedtka and Tim Ogilvie, “Helping Business Managers Discover Their Appetite for Design Thinking,” Design Management Review 1 (2012), pp. 6–13; and T. Brown, “Strategy by Design,” Fast Company, June 2005, pp. 52–54.

51. C. Guglielmo, “Apple Loop: The Week in Review,” Forbes.com, May 25, 2012, p. 2.

52. Dunne and Martin, “Design Thinking and How It Will Change Management Education,” p. 514.

53. K. Cukier and V. Mayer-Schönberger, “The Financial Bonanza of Big Data,” Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2013, p. A15.

54. R. King and S. Rosenbush, “Big Data Broadens Its Range,” Wall Street Journal, March 14, 2013, p. B5.

55. “Big Data, Big Impact: New Possibilities for International Development,” World Economic Forum, weforum.org, 2012.

56. E. Segrano, “These Natural Beauty Brands Are Using Big Data to Give Skin Care a Makeover,” Fast Company Online, April 18, 2017.

57. N. Ungerleider, “How Restaurants Use Big Data to Learn More about Their Customers,” Fast Company Online, March 28, 2017.

58. D. Laney, “The Importance of ‘Big Data’: A Definition,” www.gartner.com/it-glossary/big-data/, March 22, 2013.

59. S. Lohr, “Sure, Big Data Is Great. But So Is Intuition,” New York Times Online, December 29, 2012.

60. S. Schechner, “Algorithms Move Into Management,” Wall Street Journal, December 11, 2017, pp. B1+.

61. UPS Fact Sheet, https://pressroom.ups.com/assets/pdf/pressroom/fact%20sheet/UPS_Fact_Sheet.pdf, updated February 16, 2018; S. Rosenbush and L. Stevens, “At UPS, the Algorithm Is the Driver,” Wall Street Journal, February 17, 2015, pp. B1+; D. Zax, “Brown Down: UPS Drivers vs. the UPS Algorithm,” http://www.fastcompany.com/3004319/brown-down-ups-drivers-vs-ups-algorithm, January 3, 2013; T. Bingham and P. Galagan, “Delivering ‘On-Time, Every Time’ Knowledge and Skills to a World of Employees,” T&D, July 2012, pp. 32–37; J. Levitz, “UPS Thinks Outside the Box on Driver Training,” Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2010, pp. B1+; and K. Kingsbury, “Road to Recovery,” Time, March 8, 2010, pp. Global 14–Global 16.

62. Rosenbush and Stevens, “At UPS, the Algorithm Is the Driver.”

63. Zax, “Brown Down.”

64. C. Chiappinelli, “Buzzwords, Hidden Dimensions, and Innovation: A UPS Story,” https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/publications/wherenext/buzzwords-hidden-dimensions-and-innovation-a-ups-story/, September 7, 2017; and Rosenbush and Stevens, “At UPS, the Algorithm Is the Driver.”

65. T. Caporale and T. C. Collier, “Scouts versus Stats: The Impact of Moneyball on the Major League Baseball Draft,” Applied Economics 45, no. 15 (2013), pp. 1983–90; B. Cohen, “College Baseball Showing Signs of a Revolution,” Wall Street Journal, June 22, 2012, p. D10; T. Van Riper and C. Semmimi, “The New Moneyball,” Forbes, April 9, 2012, pp. 70–76; D. K. Berman, “So, What’s Your Algorithm?” Wall Street Journal, January 4, 2012, pp. B1+; P. White, “The Suits behind the Uniforms,” USA Today, December 7, 2011, pp. 1C+; K. L. Papps, A. Bryson, and R. Gomez, “Heterogeneous Worker Ability and Team-Based Production: Evidence from Major League Baseball, 1920–2009,” Labour Economics, June 2011, pp. 310–19; Michael Lewis, Moneyball (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011); and B. Curtis, “Debating America’s Pastime(s),” New York Times Online, January 2, 2009.

66. J. Diamond, “How Players Use New Data Analytics,” Wall Street Journal, September 21, 2017, p. A16.

67. B. Costa and J. Diamond, “Baseball Learns Data’s Downside,” Wall Street Journal, October 4, 2017, pp. A1+.

68. Our History, Panera Bread Company, https://www.panerabread.com/en-us/company/about-panera/our-history.html.

69. J. Jargon, “Panera Slices Lines with Mobile,” Wall Street Journal Weekend Edition, June 3–4, 2017, pp. B1+.

70. Ibid.

71. J. Kell, “Panera Bread Says It Hit $1 Billion Digital Sales Target,” Fortune Online, June 14, 2017; Jargon, “Panera Slices Lines with Mobile;” and “Panera on Demand,” Fast Company, May 2017, p. 16.

72. Jargon, “Panera Slices Lines with Mobile.”