Endnotes

  1. 1. C. Tsuneaoka, “Toyota Sees Half of Sales Coming from Hybrids, EVs,” Wall Street Journal Online, December 13, 2017.

  2. 2. M. Jenks, “Amazon Won’t Know What Hit ’Em!” Bloomberg Businessweek, May 5–14, 2017, pp. 42–47.

  3. 3. M. Wilson, “How Walmart Could Make You Ditch Amazon: Hearsay or Just Good Design?” Fast Company Online, September 25, 2017.

  4. 4. M. C. Mankins and R. Steele, “Stop Making Plans—Start Making Decisions,” Harvard Business Review, January 2006, pp. 76–84; L. Bossidy and R. Charan, Execution: The Discipline of Getting Things Done (New York: Crown/Random House, 2002); P. Roberts, “The Art of Getting Things Done,” Fast Company, June 2000, p. 162; H. Mintzberg, The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning (New York: Free Press, 1994); G. Hamel and C. K. Prahalad, Competing for the Future (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1994); and D. Miller, “The Architecture of Simplicity,” Academy of Management Review, January 1993, pp. 116–38.

  5. 5. See, for example, F. Delmar and S. Shane, “Does Business Planning Facilitate the Development of New Ventures?” Strategic Management Journal, December 2003, pp. 1165–85; R. M. Grant, “Strategic Planning in a Turbulent Environment: Evidence from the Oil Majors,” Strategic Management Journal, June 2003, pp. 491–517; P. J. Brews and M. R. Hunt, “Learning to Plan and Planning to Learn: Resolving the Planning School/Learning School Debate,” Strategic Management Journal, December 1999, pp. 889–913; C. C. Miller and L. B. Cardinal, “Strategic Planning and Firm Performance: A Synthesis of More Than Two Decades of Research,” Academy of Management Journal, March 1994, pp. 1649–85; N. Capon, J. U. Farley, and J. M. Hulbert, “Strategic Planning and Financial Performance: More Evidence,” Journal of Management Studies, January 1994, pp. 22–38; D. K. Sinha, “The Contribution of Formal Planning to Decisions,” Strategic Management Journal, October 1990, pp. 479–92; J. A. Pearce II, E. B. Freeman, and R. B. Robinson Jr., “The Tenuous Link between Formal Strategic Planning and Financial Performance,” Academy of Management Review, October 1987, pp. 658–75; L. C. Rhyne, “Contrasting Planning Systems in High, Medium, and Low Performance Companies,” Journal of Management Studies, July 1987, pp. 363–85; and J. A. Pearce II, K. K. Robbins, and R. B. Robinson Jr., “The Impact of Grand Strategy and Planning Formality on Financial Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, March–April 1987, pp. 125–34.

  6. 6. P. McGroarty, “McDonald’s Freshens Burgers,” Wall Street Journal Online, wsj.com. March 7, 2018, pp. B1+.

  7. 7. S. Lohr, “IBM Scores Weather Data Deal and Starts Internet of Things Unit,” New York Times Online, March 31, 2015.

  8. 8. T. Hsu and H. Ueno, “Coca-Cola’s Move to Juice Up Sales in Japan: Add a Splash of Booze,” New York Times Online, March 7, 2018.

  9. 9. D. Chopping and S. Chaudhuri, “Lego Struggles to Pick Itself Up,” Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2018, p. B10.

  10. 10. T. Mickle, “Apple’s Mountain of Cash Is Set to Top $250 Billion,” Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2017, pp. A1+.

  11. 11. A. Andriotis, “AmEx Chief’s Mission: Get Millennials, Keep the Rich,” Wall Street Journal Online, October 20, 2017.

  12. 12. K. Safdar, “Target CEO: ‘Strategy Is Working,’ ”Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2018, p. B3.

  13. 13. J. Jargon, “Papa John’s Seeks New Marketing Recipe,” Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2018, p. B6.

  14. 14. L. Stevens, “Amazon Targets Walmart’s Market,” Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2018, p. B2.

  15. 15. K. Roose, “Best Buy’s Secrets for Thriving in the Age of Amazon,” New York Times Online, September 18, 2017.

  16. 16. M. Gruber, F. Heinemann, M. Brettel, and S. Hungeling, “Configurations of Resources and Capabilities and Their Performance Implications: An Exploratory Study on Technology Ventures,” Strategic Management Journal, December 2010, pp. 1337–56; T. H. Poister, “The Future of Strategic Planning in the Public Sector: Linking Strategic Management and Performance,” Public Administration Review, December 2010, pp. S246–S254; J. González-Benito and Isabel Suárez-González, “A Study of the Role Played by Manufacturing Strategic Objectives and Capabilities in Understanding the Relationship between Porter’s Generic Strategies and Business Performance,” British Journal of Management 21 (2010), pp. 1027–43; J. A. Parnell and E. B. Dent, “The Role of Luck in the Strategy-Performance Relationship,” Management Decision 47, no. 6 (2009), pp. 1000–21; H. J. Cho and V. Pucik, “Relationship between Innovativeness, Quality, Growth, Profitability, and Market Value,” Strategic Management Journal, June 2005, pp. 555–75; W. F. Joyce, “What Really Works,” Organizational Dynamics, May 2005, pp. 118–129; M. A. Roberto, “Strategic Decision-Making Processes,” Group & Organization Management, December 2004, pp. 625–58; A. Carmeli and A. Tischler, “The Relationships between Intangible Organizational Elements and Organizational Performance,” Strategic Manage-ment Journal, December 2004, 1257–78; D. J. Ketchen, C. C. Snow, and V. L. Street, “Improving Firm Performance by Matching Strategic Decision-Making Processes to Competitive Dynamics,” Academy of Management Executive, November 2004, pp. 29–43; E. H. Bowman and C. E. Helfat, “Does Corporate Strategy Matter?” Strategic Management Journal 22 (2001), pp. 1–23; P. J. Brews and M. R. Hunt, “Learning to Plan and Planning to Learn: Resolving the Planning School-Learning School Debate,” Strategic Management Journal 20 (1999), pp. 889–913; D. J. Ketchen Jr., J. B. Thomas, and R. R. McDaniel Jr., “Process, Content and Context; Synergistic Effects on Performance,” Journal of Management 22, no. 2 (1996), pp. 231–57; C. C. Miller and L. B. Cardinal, “Strategic Planning and Firm Performance: A Synthesis of More Than Two Decades of Research,” Academy of Management Journal, December 1994, pp. 1649–65; and N. Capon, J. U. Farley, and J. M. Hulbert, “Strategic Planning and Financial Performance: More Evidence,” Journal of Management Studies, January 1994, pp. 105–10.

  17. 17. From vision statement of Avon Products Inc. Copyright © by Avon Products Inc. Reprinted by permission.

  18. 18. C. K. Prahalad and G. Hamel, “The Core Competence of the Corporation,” Harvard Business Review, May–June 1990, pp. 79–91.

  19. 19. C. H. Green, “Competitive Theory and Business Legitimacy,” BusinessWeek Online, June 23, 2010; S. Parthasarathy, “Business Strategy” Financial Management, June 2010, pp. 32–33; M. E. Porter, On Competition, Updated and Expanded Edition (Boston: Harvard Business School, 2008); O. Ormanidhi and O. Stringa, “Porter’s Model of Generic Competitive Strategies,” Business Economics, July 2008, pp. 55–64; M. E. Porter, “The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy,” Harvard Business Review, January 2008, pp. 78–93; N. Argyres and A. M. McGahan, “Introduction: Michael Porter’s Competitive Strategy,” Academy of Management Executive, May 2002, pp. 41–42; and N. Argyres and A. M. McGahan, “An Interview with Michael Porter,” Academy of Management Executive, May 2002, pp. 43–52.

  20. 20. D. Snierson, “Hallmark to Debut 34 New Christmas Movies in 2018,” ew.com. March 21, 2018; and J. Jurgensen, “On Hallmark, It’s Always Christmas,” Wall Street Journal, November 9, 2017, p. A11.

  21. 21. Managing Technology in Today’s Workplace box based on D. McGinn, “From Harvard to Las Vegas,” Newsweek, April 18, 2005, pp. E8–E14; G. Lindsay, “Prada’s High-Tech Misstep,” Business 2.0, March 2004, pp. 72–75; G. Loveman, “Diamonds in the Data Mine,” Harvard Business Review, May 2003, pp. 109–13; and L. Gary, “Simplify and Execute: Words to Live by in Times of Turbulence,” Harvard Management Update, January 2003, p. 12.

  22. 22. N. A. Shepherd, “Competitive Advantage: Mapping Change and the Role of the Quality Manager of the Future,” Annual Quality Congress, May 1998, pp. 53–60; T. C. Powell, “Total Quality Management as Competitive Advantage: A Review and Empirical Study,” Strategic Management Journal, January 1995, pp. 15–37; and R. D. Spitzer, “TQM: The Only Source of Sustainable Competitive Advantage,” Quality Progress, June 1993, pp. 59–64.

  23. 23. R. Pear, “A.M.A. to Develop Measure of Quality of Medical Care,” New York Times Online, February 21, 2006; and A. Taylor III, “Double Duty,” Fortune, March 7, 2005, pp. 104–10.

  24. 24. T. Mullaney, “‘Social Business’ Launched This Burger,” USA Today, May 17, 2012, pp. 1A+.

  25. 25. B. Acohido, “Social-Media Tools Boost Productivity,” USA Today, August 13, 2012, pp. 1B+.

  26. 26. Ibid.

  27. 27. A. McAfee and E. Brynjolfsson, “Big Data: The Management Revolution,” Harvard Business Review, October 2012, p. 62.

  28. 28. K. Cukier and V. Mayer-Schönberger, “The Financial Bonanza of Big Data,” Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2013, p. A15.

  29. 29. K. Safdar, “Retailers Crack Down on Serial Returners,” Wall Street Journal, March 14, 2018, pp. A1+; K. Draper, “Madison Square Garden Has Used Face-Scanning Technology on Customers,” New York Times Online, March 13, 2018; “In-Store Cell Phone Tracking Pits Consumers against Retailers: Transparency Is Vital if Retailers Want to Build Trust with Customers,” adage.com, April 17, 2014; “New Study: Consumers Overwhelmingly Reject In-Store Tracking by Retailers,” www.prweb.com, March 27, 2014; A. Farnham, “Retailers Snooping on Holiday Shoppers Raises Privacy Concerns,” abcnews.go.com/Business/, December 10, 2013; V. Kopytoff, “Stores Sniff out Smartphones to Follow Shoppers,” MIT Technology Review, www.technologyreview.com, November 12, 2013; “How Stores Spy on You,” www.consumerreports.org, March 2013; J. O’Donnell and S. Meehan, “Retailers Want to Read Your Mind,” USA Today, March 2, 2012, 1B+; and C. Duhigg, “How Companies Learn Your Secrets,” New York Times Online, February 16, 2012.

  30. 30. McDonald’s Annual Report 2007, www.mcdonalds.com (April 21, 2008).

  31. 31. S. Zesiger Callaway, “Mr. Ghosn Builds His Dream Car,” Fortune, February 4, 2008, 56–58.

  32. 32. See, for instance, J. Pfeffer, Organizational Design (Arlington Heights, IL: AHM Publishing, 1978), pp. 5–12; and C. K. Warriner, “The Problem of Organizational Purpose,” Sociolo-gical Quarterly, Spring 1965, pp. 139–46.

  33. 33. D. Drickhamer, “Braced for the Future,” Industry Week, October 2004, pp. 51–52.

  34. 34. P. N. Romani, “MBO by Any Other Name Is Still MBO,” Supervision, December 1997, pp. 6–8; and A. W. Schrader and G. T. Seward, “MBO Makes Dollar Sense,” Personnel Journal, July 1989, pp. 32–37.

  35. 35. Classic Concepts in Today’s Workplace box based on P. F. Drucker, The Practice of Management (New York: Harper & Row, 1954); J. F. Castellano and H. A. Roehm, “The Problem with Managing by Objectives and Results,” Quality Progress, March 2001, pp. 39–46; J. Loehr and T. Schwartz, “The Making of a Corporate Athlete,” Harvard Business Review, January 2001, pp. 120–28; A. J. Vogl, “Drucker, of Course,” Across the Board, November–December 2000, p. 1. For information on goals and goal setting, see, for example, E. A. Locke, “Toward a Theory of Task Motivation and Incentives,” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, May 1968, pp. 157–89; E. A. Locke, K. N. Shaw, L. M. Saari, and G. P. Latham, “Goal Setting and Task Performance: 1969–1980,” Psychological Bulletin, July 1981, pp. 12–52; E. A. Locke and G. P. Latham, A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990); P. Ward and M. Carnes, “Effects of Posting Self-Set Goals on Collegiate Football Players’ Skill Execution During Practice and Games,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, Spring 2002, pp. 1–12; D. W. Ray, “Productivity and Profitability,” Executive Excellence, October 2001, p. 14; D. Archer, “Evaluating Your Managed System,” CMA Management, January 2000, pp. 12–14; and C. Antoni, “Management by Objectives: An Effective Tool for Teamwork,” International Journal of Human Resource Management, February 2005, pp. 174–84. For information on participation in goal setting, see, for example, T. D. Ludwig and E. S. Geller, “Intervening to Improve the Safety of Delivery Drivers: A Systematic Behavioral Approach,” Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, April 4, 2000, pp. 11–24; P. Latham and L. M. Saari, “The Effects of Holding Goal Difficulty Constant on Assigned and Participatively Set Goals,” Academy of Management Journal, March 1979, pp. 163–68; M. Erez, P. C. Earley, and C. L. Hulin, “The Impact of Participation on Goal Acceptance and Performance: A Two Step Model,” Academy of Management Journal, March 1985, pp. 50–66; and G. P. Latham, M. Erez, and E. A. Locke, “Resolving Scientific Disputes by the Joint Design of Crucial Experiments by the Antagonists: Application to the Erez Latham Dispute Regarding Participation in Goal Setting,” Journal of Applied Psychology, November 1988, pp. 753–72. For information on effectiveness of MBO, see, for example, F. Dahlsten, A. Styhre, and M. Williander, “The Unintended Consequences of Management by Objectives: The Volume Growth Target at Volvo Cars,” Leadership & Organization Development Journal, July 2005, pp. 529–41; J. R. Crow, “Crashing with the Nose Up: Building a Cooperative Work Environment,” Journal for Quality and Participation, Spring 2002, pp. 45–50; and E. C. Hollensbe and J. P. Guthrie, “Group Pay-for-Performance Plans: The Role of Spontaneous Goal Setting,” Academy of Management Review, October 2000, pp. 864–72.

  36. 36. R. Rodgers and J. E. Hunter, “Impact of Management by Objectives on Organizational Productivity,” Journal of Applied Psychology, April 1991, pp. 322–36.

  37. 37. G. P. Latham, “The Motivational Benefits of Goal-Setting,” Academy of Management Executive, November 2004, pp. 126–29.

  38. 38. For additional information on goals, see, for instance, P. Drucker, The Executive in Action (New York: HarperCollins Books, 1996), pp. 207–14; and E. A. Locke and G. P. Latham, A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990).

  39. 39. J. L. Roberts, “Signed, Sealed, Delivered?” Newsweek, June 20, 2005, pp. 44–46.

  40. 40. Several of these factors were suggested by R. K. Bresser and R. C. Bishop, “Dysfunctional Effects of Formal Planning: Two Theoretical Explanations,” Academy of Management Review, October 1983, pp. 588–99; and J. S. Armstrong, “The Value of Formal Planning for Strategic Decisions: Review of Empirical Research,” Strategic Management Journal, July–September 1982, pp. 197–211.

  41. 41. K. Garber, “Powering the Information Age,” U.S. News & World Report, April 2009, pp. 46–48; and S. Hamm, “It’s Too Darn Hot,” BusinessWeek, March 31, 2008, pp. 60–63.

  42. 42. “As Q4 Approaches, Which of the Following Is Most Challenging for You as a Leader?” SmartBrief on Leadership, smartbrief.com/leadership, October 15, 2013.

  43. 43. A. Campbell, “Tailored, Not Benchmarked: A Fresh Look at Corporate Planning,” Harvard Business Review Online, https://hbr.org/1999/03/tailored-not-benchmarked-a-fresh-look-at-corporate-planning, April 1999.

  44. 44. Ibid.

  45. 45. J. H. Sheridan, “Focused on Flow,” IW, October 18, 1999, pp. 46–51.

  46. 46. A. Taylor III, “Hyundai Smokes the Competition,” Fortune, January 18, 2010, pp. 62–71.

  47. 47. Brews and Hunt, “Learning to Plan and Planning to Learn: Resolving the Planning School/Learning School Debate.”

  48. 48. R. J. Newman, “Coming and Going,” U.S. News and World Report, January 23, 2006, pp. 50–52; T. Atlas, “Bangalore’s Big Dreams,” U.S. News and World Report, May 2, 2005, pp. 50–52; and K. H. Hammonds, “Smart, Determined, Ambitious, Cheap: The New Face of Global Competition,” Fast Company, February 2003, pp. 90–97.

  49. 49. M. Useem and H. Singh, “The Best Management Is Less Management,” Strategy+Business Online, January 3, 2018.

  50. 50. S. Toy, “Bad Flu Season Reshapes Hospitals,” Wall Street Journal, February 2, 2018, p. A3.

  51. 51. S. Norton and A. Loten, “Technology Aids the Houston Relief Effort,” Wall Street Journal, September 1, 2017, p. B4.

  52. 52. M. Butler, S. Menkes, and M. Michel, “Being Ready for a Crisis,” Strategy+BusinessOnline, May 18, 2017.

  53. 53. See, for example, P. Tarraf and R. Molz, “Competitive Intelligence,” SAM Advanced Management Journal, Autumn 2006, pp. 24–34; W. M. Fitzpatrick, “Uncovering Trade Secrets: The Legal and Ethical Conundrum of Creative Competitive Intelligence,” SAM Advanced Management Journal, Summer 2003, pp. 4–12; L. Lavelle, “The Case of the Corporate Spy,” BusinessWeek, November 26, 2001, pp. 56–58; C. Britton, “Deconstructing Advertising: What Your Competitor’s Advertising Can Tell You about Their Strategy,” Competitive Intelligence, January/February 2002, pp. 15–19; and L. Smith, “Business Intelligence Progress in Jeopardy,” InformationWeek, March 4, 2002, p. 74.

  54. 54. J. Song, S. Shin, L. Jia, C. Cegielski, and R. Rainer, “The Effect of Social Media on Supply Chain Sensing Capability: An Environmental Scanning Perspective,” 21st Americas Conference on Information Systems, August 2015, Puerto Rico, pp. 1–13; “Competitive Intelligence Becomes Even More Important,” Trends E-Magazine, March 2015, pp. 1–5; M. Harrysson, E. Metayer, and H. Sarrazin, “How ‘Social Intelligence’ Can Guide Decisions,” McKinsey Quarterly, 2012, no. 4, pp. 81–89; and M. Ojala, “Minding Your Own Business: Social Media Invades Business Research,” Online, July/August 2012, pp. 51–53.

  55. 55. S. Greenbard, “New Heights in Business Intelligence,” Business Finance, March 2002, pp. 41–46; K. A. Zimmermann, “The Democratization of Business Intelligence,” KN World, May 2002, pp. 20–21; and C. Britton, “Deconstructing Advertising: What Your Competitor’s Advertising Can Tell You about Their Strategy,” Competitive Intelligence, January–February 2002, pp. 15–19.

  56. 56. C. Hausman, “Business-Ethics News Featured in World-Press Reports,” Ethics Newsline, March 14, 2011; and L. Weathersby, “Take This Job and ***** It,” Fortune, January 7, 2002, p. 122.

  57. 57. P. Lattiman, “Hilton and Starwood Settle Dispute,” New York Times Online, December 22, 2010; “Starwood vs. Hilton,” Hotels’ Investment Outlook, June 2009, 14; R. Kidder, “Hotel Industry Roiled by Corporate Espionage Claim,” Ethics Newsline, www.globalethicslorg/news-line; Reuters, “Hilton Hotels Is Subpoenaed in Espionage Case,” New York Times Online, April 22, 2009; T. Audi, “U.S. Probes Hilton over Theft Claims,” Wall Street Journal, April 22, 2009, p. B1; and T. Audi, “Hilton Is Sued over Luxury Chain,” Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2009, p. B1.

  58. 58. B. Rosner, “HR Should Get a Clue: Corporate Spying Is Real,” Workforce, April 2001, pp. 72–75.

  59. 59. K. Western, “Ethical Spying,” Business Ethics, September–October 1995, pp. 22–23.

  60. 60. R. Power, “Reasons Why You Need a Personal Mission Statement,” Inc. Online, https://www.inc.com/rhett-power/4-reasons-why-you-need-a-personal-mission-statement.html, February 19, 2016.

  61. 61. C. Bjork, “Zara Builds Its Business around RFID,” Wall Street Journal, September 17, 2014, pp. B1+; D. Roman and W. Kemble-Diaz, “Owner of Fast-Fashion Retailer Zara Keeps up Emerging-Markets Push,” Wall Street Journal, June 14, 2012, p. B3; Press Releases, “Inditex Achieves Net Sales of 9,709 Million Euros, an Increase of 10 percent,” www.inditex.com, February 22, 2012; C. Bjork, “‘Cheap Chic’ Apparel Sellers Heat up U.S. Rivalry on Web,” Wall Street Journal, September 6, 2011, pp. B1+; A. Kenna, “Zara Plays Catch-up with Online Shoppers,” Bloomberg BusinessWeek, August 29–September 4, 2011, pp. 24–25; K. Girotra and S. Netessine, “How to Build Risk into Your Business Model,” Harvard Business Review, May 2011, pp. 100–05; M. Dart and R. Lewis, “Break the Rules the Way Zappos and Amazon Do,” Bloomberg BusinessWeek Online, April 29, 2011; K. Cappell, “Zara Thrives by Breaking All the Rules,” BusinessWeek, October 20, 2008, p. 66; and C. Rohwedder and K. Johnson, “Pace-Setting Zara Seeks More Speed to Fight Its Rising Cheap-Chic Rivals,” Wall Street Journal, February 20, 2008, pp. B1+.

  62. 62. N. Khan, “Tech Puts Fast Fashion on Steroids,” Wall Street Journal, April 10, 2018, p. B7; J. Neumann, “Zara Sharpens Focus on Digital,” Wall Street Journal, March 15, 2018, p. B3; and P. Kowsmann, “Zara’s New Retailing Focus: Bigger Bricks, More Clicks,” Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2017, p. B3.

  63. 63. J. Neumann, “Inditex Feels Profit Pressures But Still Skirts Industry Woes,” Wall Street Journal, December 14, 2017, p. B 3.

  64. 64. J. Emont, “A 2013 Collapse Killed 1,100 People, Bangladesh Factories Are Still Unsafe,” Wall Street Journal, March 29, 2018, pp. B1+; and R. Abrams, “Retailers Like H&M and Walmart Fall Short of Pledges to Overseas Workers,” New York Times Online, May 31, 2016.

  65. 65. E. Segran, “The Real Story Behind Those Desperate Notes That Zara Workers Left in Clothes,” Fast Company Online, November 6, 2017.

  66. 66. Ibid.

  67. 67. R. Safian, “Charting New Roads,” FastCompany.com, February 2018, pp. 82–85.

  68. 68. Ibid.

  69. 69. J. D. Stoll, “Ford Looks to Beat Toyota Hybrids,” Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2018, p. B2; and C. Rogers, “New Ford Chief Is Ready to Start Tinkering Under the Hood,” Wall Street Journal Online, September 30, 2017.

  70. 70. Safian, February 2018.

  71. 71. Ibid.

  72. 72. N. E. Boudette,” Ford Changed Leaders, Looking for a Lift. It’s Still Looking,” New York Times Online, April 24, 2018; and M. Colias, “Ford to Focus on High-Growth Areas, Cost Cutting,” Wall Street Journal Online, October 3, 2017.

  73. 73. Rogers, September 30, 2017.

  74. 74. C. Rogers, “Ford to Collaborate With Mahindra & Mahindra on Sales, Technologies,” Wall Street Journal Online, September 18, 2017.

  75. 75. Colias, October 3, 2017.

  76. 76. Safian, February 2018.

  77. 77. F. Witzil, “How Domino’s Is Using Tech to Woo Millennials and Beat Rival Pizza Hut,” Detroit Free Press, https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2018/03/06/how-dominos-using-tech-woo-millennials-and-beat-rival-pizza-hut/399837002/, March 6, 2018.

  78. 78. S. Berfield, “Delivering A $9 Billion Empire,” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 20-26, 2017, pp. 42–47.

  79. 79. Ibid.

  80. 80. Ibid., p. 45.

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