CONTROLLING is the final step in the management process. Managers must monitor whether goals that were established as part of the planning process are being accomplished efficiently and effectively. That’s what they do when they control. Appropriate controls can help managers look for specific performance gaps and areas for improvement. Things don’t always go as planned. But that’s why controlling is so important! For instance, British Airways experienced a major global computer failure one weekend in 2017, causing the cancellation of hundreds of flights and affecting more than 75,000 passengers. Although the technical problem was resolved fairly quickly, flight crews were still in the wrong places instead of where they needed to be. The “fine-tuned system” was eventually restored.1 In this chapter, we’ll look at the fundamental elements of controlling, including the control process, the types of controls that managers can use, and contemporary issues in control.